…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

…coronary occlusion and progress over time. Experimentally, necrosis advances from the subendocardium towards the subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury are…

…longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury…

…and release from an early cytosolic pool have all been associated with detectable troponin. High sensitivity assays may therefore identify a continuum of myocardial injury…

…The extent of myocardial injury is strongly influenced by total ischaemic time. This interval includes: The time from symptom onset to recognition and seeking medical…

…many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The…

…al, JAMA Cardiology (2020). Guo et al reported that 27.8% (52 of 187 patients) had myocardial injury, defined as elevated troponin T levels (TnT)…

…injury must be coupled with clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. The Fourth Universal Definition classifies MI into five distinct subtypes based on pathophysiology and…

…are no means of determining what phase the patient is in. The three phases following a sudden cardiac arrest were described by Weisfeldt and Becker …

…the victim's outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial dysfunction Systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia Effects of the underlying cause of cardiac arrest Neurological injuries may…

…nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause of wound infection is retained contamination, not poor suture technique — and…

…consisting of individuals with CKD, limiting its accuracy when applied to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass and Diet…

…ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury…

…the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed…

…eye injury is to measure and document the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of…

…ABCDE assessment and document the time of seizure onset, or the time the patient was last known to be well. Protect the patient from injury…

…Insert a urinary catheter and start hourly urine output measurement. 5. Give a bolus of sodium bicarbonate 1–2 mmol/kg intravenously in symptomatic salicylate…

…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

…A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute kidney injury may be at greater immediate risk than a…

…cannula in a large vein gives many times the flow of a fine needle, and collapsed veins mean that the fine needle is in addition…

…and signs of end organ hypoperfusion. In severe cases, bradycardia may progress to bradyarrhythmic arrest or pulseless electrical activity (PEA), presenting as cardiovascular collapse and…

…injury. The syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic dysfunction. Associated abnormalities may include increased apoB and…

…insufficiency, hepatic injury, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, cerebrovascular events, hepatic capsule rupture, placental abruption, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ failure. In the absence of treatment, approximately…

…ischaemic myocardial injury may coexist, and certain disease entities can span both categories; for example, acute heart failure may occur in the context of acute…

…Nonetheless, prompt interventions can reverse cardiac arrest and survivors of traumatic cardiac arrest often exhibit favorable neurological outcomes ( Rawshani et al ). Traumatic cardiac arrests typically…

…5. Ask the patient to flex the head forward and swallow repeatedly , preferably with sips of water if swallowing is safe. Advance the tube in…

…of tissue injury depends on the site, duration and completeness of occlusion and on the adequacy of collateral blood flow. Ischaemia initially produces pain and…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular…

…about 7.20. Different targets apply when the intracranial pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury…

…diuretic dose and/or combine diuretic classes Diuretic resistance or end stage renal failure Consider renal replacement therapy Hypoperfusion with persistent organ injury Consider mechanical…

…which is a manifestation of post cardiac injury syndrome (PCIS). PCIS is an umbrella term that also includes post pericardiotomy syndrome and post traumatic pericarditis…

…No conversion formula (between troponin I and T) has been validated. The risk of interference with antibodies in the blood is higher for troponin I…

…of the bleeding has not yet been achieved. Penetrating torso injury with shock. A positive FAST scan in an unstable trauma patient. An unstable pelvic…

…membrane potential and action potential duration of affected myocardial cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are…

…has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis…

…< 2 cholestatic injury, and 2–5 a mixed pattern. Orders of magnitude that direct the work up ALT 50 × the upper limit of normal:…

…Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

…threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology reflects failure of vascular autoregulation during a rapid or severe…

…Stent implantation Manipulation of friable SVG lesions Embolic debris obstructs the distal microcirculation and may be accompanied by microvascular constriction and endothelial or myocardial injury…

…stress and intimal injury promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients. Femoral and…

…evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis. It is distinguished from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and…

…to endothelial injury [2] . The process initiates with endothelial dysfunction, a state provoked by systemic risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, smoking, and turbulent hemodynamic…

…analytical sensitivity improves diagnostic accuracy and negative predictive value in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cardiac troponin is a marker of myocardial injury…

…of infarction. Early thrombus formation is associated with poor short term prognosis, although early mortality is usually related to the extent of myocardial injury and…

…and no functional impairment to myositis with muscle inflammation and elevated CK. Rhabdomyolysis is a rare, severe form of muscle injury. The biological basis of…

…biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific for myocardial injury. Elevated levels of cardiac troponins is firm evidence of myocardial necrosis (i.e infarction…

…cord injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation and equipment Material Comment : : Stockinette Innermost against the skin, protects against the edges of…

…outcome — that the confirmation of death is carried out in a formally unimpeachable way, and that the donor's organs are maintained physiologically for as…

…by the target organ damage, the pharmacology of the drug, comorbidity, and the ability to titrate safely [5]. Availability in Sweden. Several of the drugs…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given for the pain…

…exostoses Narrow and hard to reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…or to confirm a creatinine based value The mean of creatinine and cystatin C The most reliable in routine clinical practice Cockcroft–Gault Still used…

…the efficacy of diuretics and antihypertensives. Risk of acute kidney injury increases when combined with ACE inhibitors. Corticosteroids and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal…

…Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS…