…KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in creatinine of at least 26…

…myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of…

…determine afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by the treatment. Indications A clinically or radiologically confirmed dislocation of the shoulder…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury…

…Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cardiac troponin with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit…

…objective is restoration of blood flow to the infarct related myocardial territory and limitation of infarct size. The extent of myocardial injury is strongly influenced…

…associated with worse outcomes. The risk of death at 1 year is increased in comparison with patients with preserved renal function, although the association may…

…al, JAMA Cardiology (2020). Guo et al reported that 27.8% (52 of 187 patients) had myocardial injury, defined as elevated troponin T levels (TnT)…

…percentile upper reference limit (URL). The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However, myocardial injury…

…rhythm is shockable). This is explained by the fact that there are no means of determining what phase the patient is in. The three phases…

…seizures and temperature management. The ICU is the preferred level of care for the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for stable (hemodynamically and…

…been assessed for tendon and nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause of wound infection is retained contamination…

…the need for more invasive and costly direct measurements of GFR. Limitations of MDRD eGFR Accuracy at Higher GFR Levels: The MDRD equation tends to…

…Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury, anaphylaxis…

…the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed…

…press gently downwards on the upper border of the tarsal plate with a cotton bud, and at the same time fold the lid margin upwards…

…After about 30 minutes of continuous convulsive activity, t2, the risk of permanent neuronal injury increases. Treatment must therefore start at 5 minutes and be…

…is part of the treatment itself. Indications Salicylate poisoning with symptoms or a rising serum concentration. Alkalinisation increases renal elimination several fold and at the…

…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

…A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute kidney injury may be at greater immediate risk than a…

…a large bore cannula in a suitable vein). Standby access in a patient at risk of rapid deterioration. Intraosseous access: Cardiac arrest where venous access…

…rate. Within the context of acute coronary syndromes, particularly ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), ischemic injury can disrupt the conduction system at any level, producing…

…hypertension together promote left ventricular hypertrophy and kidney injury. The syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic…

…impairment, reflected by transaminase concentrations at least twice the normal level Neurological symptoms are particularly important because of the increased risk of cerebrovascular complications. Seizures…

…Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand…

…commotio cordis, contusio cordis implies actual structural injury to the tissues. Manifestations of contusio cordis include: Arrhythmias : Ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias (bradyarrhythmia or tachyarrhythmia). Atrial…

…of skull fracture or a marked midfacial fracture — the tube can pass through a fracture in the cribriform plate into the cranium Absolute Corrosive injury…

…limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood…

…observational databases report approximately 5–10%. Only about 10% of patients who develop shock present with it at hospital admission; approximately 90% deteriorate during hospitalization…

…Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as…

…tidal volume of 4–8 mL/kg ideal body weight, a plateau pressure ≤ 30 cmH₂O, a driving pressure ≤ 15 cmH₂O, prone positioning at a P…

…prognostic evaluation using two complementary domains: Indicators of acute PE severity , including clinical findings, RV dysfunction on imaging, and myocardial injury shown by laboratory testing…

…the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion…

…traditionally termed Dressler syndrome , which is a manifestation of post cardiac injury syndrome (PCIS). PCIS is an umbrella term that also includes post pericardiotomy syndrome…

…the higher the troponin level and the longer the duration of elevated troponin levels. Differences in absolute concentrations of troponin I and T during acute…

…at the same time [1]. Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and the simultaneous delivery of…

…and Pathophysiology Posterior myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part of an inferoposterior or posterolateral infarction…

…in which the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia…

…liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The R value = (ALT / upper limit of normal…

…of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis. It is characterized by prolonged angina at…

…vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina…

…or myocardial injury. Antithrombotic therapy may reduce embolization of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury have not…

…altered shear stress and intimal injury promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients…

…UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

…by the gradual accumulation of inert cholesterol debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2]…

…Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rising and/or falling troponin pattern with at least one value above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference…

…hours of infarction. Early thrombus formation is associated with poor short term prognosis, although early mortality is usually related to the extent of myocardial injury…

…should be distinguished from severe muscle injury. Myopathy is characterized by muscle symptoms accompanied by CK greater than 10 times the upper limit of no

…of myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T and troponin I have emerged as the preferred biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific for myocardial injury…

…cord injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation and equipment Material Comment : : Stockinette Innermost against the skin, protects against the edges of…

…is also what makes the decision hold afterwards. Organ preserving treatment — treatment given solely for the sake of the donation — may continue for at m

…aortic syndrome, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe pre eclampsia or eclampsia. The blood pressure is often at least 180/120 mmHg, but no…

…26–27 G, 10 mm 5–15° 0.1 mL At a BMI above 35 or an arm circumference above 35 cm, a 38 mm…

…excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory depression Marked liver failure A reduced dose of all of them, at a longer interval All op

…5. Direct the jet upwards and backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…and cardiovascular death — a patient with an eGFR of 70 and A3 is at higher risk than one with an eGFR of 50 and A1…

…epidermal necrolysis, DRESS syndrome) have been rarely reported with acetylsalicylic acid. Discontinue acetylsalicylic acid at the first sign of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity…

…Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS…