…randomized evidence has demonstrated lower rates of access site bleeding, surgical repair, and blood transfusion with radial access. Radial access has also been associated with…

…diversity within racial groups and can lead to misestimations. Clinical implications While the MDRD eGFR calculator has significantly advanced the detection and management of CKD…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

…myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of…

…documented before and after every attempt at reduction — otherwise it is impossible to determine afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or…

…and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury…

…and release from an early cytosolic pool have all been associated with detectable troponin. High sensitivity assays may therefore identify a continuum of myocardial injury…

…The extent of myocardial injury is strongly influenced by total ischaemic time. This interval includes: The time from symptom onset to recognition and seeking medical…

…many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The…

…al, JAMA Cardiology (2020). Guo et al reported that 27.8% (52 of 187 patients) had myocardial injury, defined as elevated troponin T levels (TnT)…

…with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and…

…cardiac arrest is witnessed and the rhythm is shockable). This is explained by the fact that there are no means of determining what phase the…

…ICU is the preferred level of care for the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for stable (hemodynamically and respiratory) and fully conscious patients…

…nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause of wound infection is retained contamination, not poor suture technique — and…

…ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury…

…the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed…

…eye injury is to measure and document the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of…

…about 30 minutes of continuous convulsive activity, t2, the risk of permanent neuronal injury increases. Treatment must therefore start at 5 minutes and be escalated…

…serum concentration. Alkalinisation increases renal elimination several fold and at the same time reduces the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your…

…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

…A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute kidney injury may be at greater immediate risk than a…

…the tourniquet 10–15 cm proximal to the intended puncture site, let the arm hang, ask the patient to pump with the hand, and pa

…rate. Within the context of acute coronary syndromes, particularly ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), ischemic injury can disrupt the conduction system at any level, producing…

…injury. The syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic dysfunction. Associated abnormalities may include increased apoB and…

…This helps explain the neurological manifestations of preeclampsia and the potential for stroke even at blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately…

…ischaemic myocardial injury may coexist, and certain disease entities can span both categories; for example, acute heart failure may occur in the context of acute…

…Nonetheless, prompt interventions can reverse cardiac arrest and survivors of traumatic cardiac arrest often exhibit favorable neurological outcomes ( Rawshani et al ). Traumatic cardiac arrests typically…

…5. Ask the patient to flex the head forward and swallow repeatedly , preferably with sips of water if swallowing is safe. Advance the tube in…

…of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow. The resulting ischaemia threatens skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular…

…about 7.20. Different targets apply when the intracranial pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury…

…persistent organ injury Consider mechanical circulatory support Refractory advanced disease Consider palliative care Right ventricular failure is characterized by increased right atrial and right ventricular…

…after infarction and is usually transient. Late post acute myocardial infarction pericarditis , traditionally termed Dressler syndrome , which is a manifestation of post cardiac injury syndrome…

…the higher the troponin level and the longer the duration of elevated troponin levels. Differences in absolute concentrations of troponin I and T during acute…

…at the same time [1]. Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and the simultaneous delivery of…

…repeat ECG acquisition and consideration of additional leads. Evaluation and Physical Examination At first medical contact, assessment should occur concurrently with acquisition of the initial…

…has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis…

…< 2 cholestatic injury, and 2–5 a mixed pattern. Orders of magnitude that direct the work up ALT 50 × the upper limit of normal:…

…of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis. It is characterized by prolonged angina at…

…Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and brain…

…and endothelial or myocardial injury. Antithrombotic therapy may reduce embolization of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury…

…occur at arterial branch points, where disturbed flow, altered shear stress and intimal injury promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac…

…UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…specific marker of myocardial infarction (MI). MI requires both: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rising and/or falling troponin pattern with at least one…

…of infarction. Early thrombus formation is associated with poor short term prognosis, although early mortality is usually related to the extent of myocardial injury and…

…with placebo, whereas approximately 10% of patients in registries and routine clinical practice report muscle symptoms. This discrepancy reflects, at least in part, the nocebo…

…biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific for myocardial injury. Elevated levels of cardiac troponins is firm evidence of myocardial necrosis (i.e infarction…

…cord injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation and equipment Material Comment : : Stockinette Innermost against the skin, protects against the edges of…

…The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury in…

…aortic syndrome, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe pre eclampsia or eclampsia. The blood pressure is often at least 180/120 mmHg, but no…

…an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab…

…excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory depression Marked liver failure A reduced dose of all of them, at a longer interval All op

…tympanic membrane → the light reflex → the handle and short process of the malleus → the pars flaccida → signs of fluid (a level…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…better alternative. Follow up At an eGFR below 60, or in the presence of albuminuria: check the potassium, calcium, phosphate, PTH, haemoglobin and bicarbonate , review…

…the efficacy of diuretics and antihypertensives. Risk of acute kidney injury increases when combined with ACE inhibitors. Corticosteroids and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal…

…Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS…