…longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a…

…marker of function and may rise only after a substantial fall in glomerular filtration. The value is affected by muscle mass, nutrition, drugs and fluid…

…myositis with muscle inflammation and elevated CK. Rhabdomyolysis is a rare, severe form of muscle injury. The biological basis of many reported muscle symptoms remains…

…are components of the myocardial contractile apparatus and are expressed predominantly in cardiac muscle. Troponin I is highly specific for myocardial injury. Interpretation of troponin…

…are cardiac specific isoforms of troponin and these are abbreviated cTnI, cTnT, and cTnC. The isoforms cTnI and cTnT are specific to cardiac muscle cells…

…consisting of individuals with CKD, limiting its accuracy when applied to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass and Diet…

…Capillary refill is delayed, and venous filling may be reduced. Other possible findings include muscle stiffening and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Pulses are absent…

…endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection with or without intramural haematoma. Spontaneous coronary…

…accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral…

…muscle cells, leading to a white, platelet rich thrombus. Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of…

…C based eGFR With an atypical muscle mass, or to confirm a creatinine based value The mean of creatinine and cystatin C The most reliable…

…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

…smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, neurons and other tissues. This distribution helps explain why PA produces cardiovascular injury beyond its effects on blood pressure and…

…complex fibroatheroma. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate from the tunica media into the intima, driven by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and other cytokines. Within…

…the acromion and the lower tip of the muscle insertion. 3. Stretch the skin with the thumb and index finger, or compress the muscle in…

…75–150 minutes per week of vigorous intensity aerobic activity; or An equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous intensity activity. Muscle strengthening exercise should additionally…

…coronary occlusion and progress over time. Experimentally, necrosis advances from the subendocardium towards the subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury are…

…peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides…

…particularly in iatrogenic aortic injury. Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared…

…The extent of myocardial injury is strongly influenced by total ischaemic time. This interval includes: The time from symptom onset to recognition and seeking medical…

…many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…injury must be coupled with clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. The Fourth Universal Definition classifies MI into five distinct subtypes based on pathophysiology and…

…cardiac arrest is witnessed and the rhythm is shockable). This is explained by the fact that there are no means of determining what phase the…

…the victim's outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial dysfunction Systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia Effects of the underlying cause of cardiac arrest Neurological injuries may…

…cause of permanent loss of function is a tendon injury that was sutured over without being found. Indications A traumatic wound that gapes and cannot…

…ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury…

…the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed…

…eye injury is to measure and document the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of…

…ABCDE assessment and document the time of seizure onset, or the time the patient was last known to be well. Protect the patient from injury…

…control centre for advice on the treatment threshold and on whether haemodialysis should be considered. Rhabdomyolysis with marked elevation of CK and threatened kidney injury…

…history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds…

…A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute kidney injury may be at greater immediate risk than a…

…cannula in a large vein gives many times the flow of a fine needle, and collapsed veins mean that the fine needle is in addition…

…true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On the surface electrocardiogram, sinus bradycardia may appear at rates of 40 to 48 beats per…

…injury. The syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic dysfunction. Associated abnormalities may include increased apoB and…

…insufficiency, hepatic injury, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, cerebrovascular events, hepatic capsule rupture, placental abruption, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ failure. In the absence of treatment, approximately…

…Nonetheless, prompt interventions can reverse cardiac arrest and survivors of traumatic cardiac arrest often exhibit favorable neurological outcomes ( Rawshani et al ). Traumatic cardiac arrests typically…

…5. Ask the patient to flex the head forward and swallow repeatedly , preferably with sips of water if swallowing is safe. Advance the tube in…

…about 7.20. Different targets apply when the intracranial pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia…

…Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions…

…persistent organ injury Consider mechanical circulatory support Refractory advanced disease Consider palliative care Right ventricular failure is characterized by increased right atrial and right ventricular…

…after infarction and is usually transient. Late post acute myocardial infarction pericarditis , traditionally termed Dressler syndrome , which is a manifestation of post cardiac injury syndrome…

…The combination of physiology, rate of bleeding, the pattern of injury or disease, the response to initial treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more…

…membrane potential and action potential duration of affected myocardial cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are…

…in other reports. It is more frequent in women and in patients presenting with NSTEMI than in those presenting with STEMI. Approximately one third of…

…< 2 cholestatic injury, and 2–5 a mixed pattern. Orders of magnitude that direct the work up ALT 50 × the upper limit of normal:…

…Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…of dissection and impaired distal flow. These alternative causes must be distinguished from isolated no reflow because their treatment may require immediate stenting or other…

…evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis. It is distinguished from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and…

…analytical sensitivity improves diagnostic accuracy and negative predictive value in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cardiac troponin is a marker of myocardial injury…

…of infarction. Early thrombus formation is associated with poor short term prognosis, although early mortality is usually related to the extent of myocardial injury and…

…however, display both ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia…

…ligament injury, a tendon injury, or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a…

…The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury in…

…creatinine, acid–base status and signs of myocardial ischaemia must be monitored during treatment [4,6]. Important exceptions Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute…

…depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given for the pain…

…exostoses Narrow and hard to reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy…

…concentration washes nitrogen out of the pleural air and speeds resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according…