…of the sternum. The depth is usually around 30–40 cm. Mark the measurement on the electrode. 5. Anaesthetise the pharynx with lidocaine spray and…

…cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and…

…associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of…

…as an open fracture. The anatomy of the nail apparatus The terminology is hard to follow without a picture, and several of the steps below…

…and the patient must leave with clear information about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to…

…long for thick soft tissue and for the head of the humerus. A pressure bag or a 50 mL syringe with a three way tap…

…nose, a vomit bowl, tissues, and a glass of water with a straw if the patient is awake and can swallow. Gloves, an apron, a…

…products and contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the…

…from Kiesselbach's plexus on the anterior septum and stop with correctly performed compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is…

…10 mL with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10…

…hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay…

…pressure measured, or be palpated. Indications A sensation of something in the eye, watering, photophobia and redness after working with a grinder, a drill, a…

…glans and meatus with the cleansing solution in circular movements from the centre outwards. Change the swab between strokes. 3. Instil 10–20 mL of…

…Factors associated with restenosis The risk of restenosis after metallic stent implantation is increased by: Small reference vessel size A small post procedural luminal diameter…

…high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation, aggregation, and fibrin formation. Within a…

…advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACLS) is provided by healthcare professionals with the skills and equipment required. Although ACLS is more advanced and costly than the interventions…

…identify and treat an obstructive coronary lesion without avoidable delay. In contrast, haemodynamically stable patients without ST segment elevation after successful resuscitation from out of…

…seeking is associated with older age, female sex, Black race, lower socioeconomic or uninsured status, a history of angina or diabetes, and consultation with relatives…

…fms like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor ratio ≥40 is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia with severe features during the subsequent two weeks…

…oxygen supply and demand, which is not related to acute coronary atherothrombosis. By definition, acute atherothrombotic plaque disruption is not a feature of Type 2…

…A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the…

…segment elevations that mimic acute myocardial infarction. Acute pericarditis is a primary differential diagnosis and presents with distinct characteristics compared to transmural ischemia [4, 5]…

…leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate more closely with abnormal LV mechanical function and the potential benefit of resynchronization pacemaker therapy [7]. R Wave Peak…

…Rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six months during ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of new…

…present with chest pain, severe breathlessness, hypoxaemia, rales, or respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may…

…whereas loss of function variants are associated with protection from cardiovascular disease. Pharmacological PCSK9 inhibition increases the effective availability of hepatic LDL receptors and thereby…

…relative and absolute reductions in four component major adverse cardiovascular events. The reported hazard ratio was 0.83, with a 95% confidence interval of 0…

…been associated with the Brugada syndrome. These mutations are located in genes encoding potassium and calcium channels of the outer cell membrane. Clinical presentation of…

…limits scale and generalizability. Deep learning offers a way around this: an ECG can be fed directly into a classifier with no human feature extraction…