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Oesophageal ECG

…of the sternum. The depth is usually around 30–40 cm. Mark the measurement on the electrode. 5. Anaesthetise the pharynx with lidocaine spray and…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and…

Reduction of dislocations

…associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…as an open fracture. The anatomy of the nail apparatus The terminology is hard to follow without a picture, and several of the steps below…

Casting and immobilisation

…and the patient must leave with clear information about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…long for thick soft tissue and for the head of the humerus. A pressure bag or a 50 mL syringe with a three way tap…

Nasogastric tube

…nose, a vomit bowl, tissues, and a glass of water with a straw if the patient is awake and can swallow. Gloves, an apron, a…

Massive haemorrhage and transfusion: quick reference

…products and contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the…

Epistaxis — compression, cautery and anterior nasal packing

…from Kiesselbach's plexus on the anterior septum and stop with correctly performed compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…10 mL with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10…

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