…small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and brain. Its clinical retinal signature includes flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and papilloedema. Associated complications may include encephalopathy…

Procedurer A cast should hold the fracture still and do nothing else. The two ways in which casting harms the patient are that it is…

…wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2…

…septum already cauterised — bilateral cautery carries a risk of perforation Anterior packing: Suspected base of skull fracture or a significant midfacial or nasal fracture (absolute)…

…sterile glove rolled down. A nail splitter or strong pointed scissors, a Freer elevator or small artery forceps, toothed surgical forceps. A size 11 scalpel…

…stricture or a known diverticulum Relative Recent nasal or pharyngeal surgery Signs that should raise the suspicion of a base of skull fracture: periorbital bruising…

…is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance. Indications Acute severe nociceptive pain where paracetamol and a COX inhibitor are not enough: fracture, renal colic…

…Intraosseous access (absolute, for the bone in question): A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a major injury proximal to the puncture site…

…in a first time dislocation , so as not to reduce a fracture dislocation or to miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent…

…a high riding or impalpable prostate, a pelvic fracture, a straddle injury Relative Recent urethral or prostatic surgery — contact a urologist before attempting Relative A…

…etc. Most cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less…

…up. 3. Ocular movements in all directions; pain on upward gaze may suggest an orbital floor fracture. 4. Topical anaesthesia into the lower fornix. 5…

…A positive FAST scan in an unstable trauma patient. An unstable pelvic fracture with circulatory compromise. A ruptured aortic aneurysm or another major vascular bleed…

…difficulties that prevent the patient from cooperating. Suspected base of skull fracture or marked coagulopathy argues against the nasal route; the oral route may then…

…Important mechanisms include: Stent under expansion Stent malapposition Stent fracture or collapse Residual edge dissection Incomplete lesion preparation Persistent stenosis within the treated segment Mechanical…

…stents, crush technique, stent fracture or collapse Lesion specific angiographic features Residual dissection at a stent margin, impaired flow into or out of the stent…

…be established. Nasopharyngeal airways may cause complications in patients with skull fractures (risk of intracranial malposition of the tube) or coagulopathy (risk of bleeding). An…

…By definition, acute atherothrombotic plaque disruption is not a feature of Type 2 MI. The pathophysiology of Type 2 MI is fundamentally distinct from that…

…deep vein thrombosis with post thrombotic syndrome. Differential diagnosis Feature Venous ulcer Arterial ulcer Diabetic foot ulcer : : : : Site Gaiter area, above the medial malleolus Toes…

…skeletal muscle, a pharmacological feature that may limit muscle related toxicity despite bempedoic acid acting within the same broad cholesterol synthesis pathway as statins. The…

…leads generally indicates very severe ischemia [15]. A key distinguishing feature of ischemic ST elevation is the presence of prominent reciprocal ST depression [4]. Furthermore…

…The following table summarizes the common diagnostic criteria for complete and incomplete LBBB: Feature Complete LBBB Incomplete LBBB QRS Duration $\ge 120$ msec [3]…

…ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS). The clinical spectrum includes patients with a confirmed NSTEMI, patients with a working diagnosis of NSTE ACS and…

…and disturbed angiogenic signalling. A central biochemical feature is an imbalance between antiangiogenic and angiogenic factors. Placental production of soluble fms like tyrosine kinase 1…

…myocardial injury is strongly influenced by total ischaemic time. This interval includes: The time from symptom onset to recognition and seeking medical assistance. Prehospital assessment…

…the same symptoms and events. Perhaps the most distinguishing feature was the characteristic ST segment elevations in leads V1–V3. Prevalence and genetics of Brugada…

…turning over in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom free interval between attacks, with possible residual unsteadiness. No hearing loss…

…and generalizability. Deep learning offers a way around this: an ECG can be fed directly into a classifier with no human feature extraction, in principle…

…the messenger RNA encoding PCSK9, thereby suppressing hepatic PCSK9 synthesis. The resulting increase in LDL receptor availability lowers circulating LDL C. Its principal practical feature