…small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and brain. Its clinical retinal signature includes flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and papilloedema. Associated complications may include encephalopathy…

Procedurer A cast should hold the fracture still and do nothing else. The two ways in which casting harms the patient are that it is…

…wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2…

…septum already cauterised — bilateral cautery carries a risk of perforation Anterior packing: Suspected base of skull fracture or a significant midfacial or nasal fracture (absolute)…

…sterile glove rolled down. A nail splitter or strong pointed scissors, a Freer elevator or small artery forceps, toothed surgical forceps. A size 11 scalpel…

…stricture or a known diverticulum Relative Recent nasal or pharyngeal surgery Signs that should raise the suspicion of a base of skull fracture: periorbital bruising…

…is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance. Indications Acute severe nociceptive pain where paracetamol and a COX inhibitor are not enough: fracture, renal colic…

…Intraosseous access (absolute, for the bone in question): A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a major injury proximal to the puncture site…

…in a first time dislocation , so as not to reduce a fracture dislocation or to miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent…

…a high riding or impalpable prostate, a pelvic fracture, a straddle injury Relative Recent urethral or prostatic surgery — contact a urologist before attempting Relative A…