…begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring…

…imaging, the blood count or contact with the patient's own clinic delay empirical antibiotics [1]. A practical target: give the first dose of broad…

…Initial diagnosis of STEMI ECG Management Recommendation Level of evidence A 12 lead ECG should be interpreted immediately (within 10 minutes) at first medical contact…

…The local stroke protocol and immediate contact with the on call stroke consultant or the thrombectomy centre take precedence where there is a discrepancy or…

…immobility, poor food intake, reduced eye contact Common and particularly easy to miss. May be misinterpreted as fatigue, depression or dementia Mixed Alternates between hypoactivity…

…instrumental removal: Suspected penetrating injury or an intraocular foreign body — shield the eye with a rigid shield, give systemic antibiotics and contact an ophthalmologist urgently …

…since ingestion, and both can harm the patient through aspiration. Contact your national or regional poison control centre before you decide, not afterwards. Indications Medicinal…

…plasma glucose closely for at least 6 hours after insulin. 7. Contact nephrology early in anuria, in a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury…

…a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin…

…leader and one person responsible for recording the transfusions, the sampling, the incoming products and contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access…

…the tympanic membrane — including a history of grommets, ear discharge or pain on contact with water. A history of ear surgery in which the middle…

…a reservoir mask — this markedly shortens the half life of carbon monoxide. Contact your national or regional poison control centre regarding hyperbaric treatment. Cluster headache…

…centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with…

…injury. Aim for reduction within a few hours. Contraindications A fracture dislocation requiring operative treatment — contact an orthopaedic surgeon before attempting reduction. Posterior shoulder dislocation…

…anticoagulated and stable An individual assessment Eye, ear, abdominal or thoracic surgery 1 month Neurosurgery or an intracranial aneurysm Contact the responsible specialist An aortic…

…Give a full loading dose of an intravenous antiseizure drug If the seizure continues after adequate step 1 and step 2 Refractory status: contact anaesthesia…

…nervous system. Contact your national or regional poison control centre for advice on the treatment threshold and on whether haemodialysis should be considered. Rhabdomyolysis with…

…a straddle injury Relative Recent urethral or prostatic surgery — contact a urologist before attempting Relative A known urethral stricture Relative Acute prostatitis or urethritis Relative…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10. Contact nephrology early in severe, progressive or diagnostically unclear AKI. Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute…

…intravenous access, fluid and early contact with anaesthesia or intensive care Refractory anaphylaxis Persisting airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise despite two adequate intramuscular doses of…

…parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is not contraindicated, and contact with the on call coagulation service. Send samples for INR, APTT…

…haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact transfusion medicine before transfusing again. Preparation and equipment Compatibility testing Test What…

…fingers, the ulnar groove, the neck of the fibula). The eyelid margins, the cartilage of the nasal tip, the free edge of the pinna. Autoimmune…

…out a possible donor on your own on grounds of age or medical history — contact the transplant coordinator and let the assessment be made there…

…output, respiration, chest findings, MAP and the response to every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure…

…as secondary prevention 8 Contact the endoscopist and the consultant on call early. In cirrhosis or suspected variceal bleeding, also contact a gastroenterologist with hepatology…

…rasping, or grating sound produced by contact between inflamed pericardial layers. It may have up to three components per cardiac cycle and is often best…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Posterior myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part…

…This may be due to lead dislodgement, lead fracture or inadequate myocardial contact. It may also be due to the low amplitude (voltage) of the…

…frozen plasma Prothrombin complex concentrate Actions in suspected poisoning and cardiac arrest Promptly contact the closest intensive care unit (ICU) possessing expertise in toxicological management…

…the heart. Therefore, most images in adult TTE are obtained with the patient positioned in the left lateral decubitus position. In this position, the heart…

…when the shock is delivered, and that the thromboembolic risk has been dealt with before the atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that…

…The resulting glucosuria and natriuresis reduce proximal tubular workload, contract plasma volume and modestly lower blood pressure. Increased sodium delivery to the macula densa restores…

…Figure 1 A ). The plateau phase has a long duration which enables the majority of the ventricular myocardium to contract simultaneously. Since the membrane potential…

…orientation of myocardial fibers varies, and this allows the left ventricle to contract in a highly sophisticated and effective way. Muscle fibers adjacent to the…

…ventricle with varying orientation. This organization allows the left ventricle to contract in a highly sophisticated and effective way (Figure 1). Myocardial fibers adjacent to…

…Contractile cells start to contract a few milliseconds after the start of the depolarization and they start relaxing a few milliseconds after the repolarization is…

…Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for echocardiography. The left ventricle is divided into 17 segments for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments in multiple…

…section (SAX, short axis view), the the ventricle is rather a crescent shaped appendage of the left ventricle. On longitudinal sections (A4C, apical four chamber…

…during the cardiac cycle, despite the fact that cells in the apex contract as much as the cells in the basal parts. Since the apex…