…and atrial flutter. The condition in which sinus node dysfunction is accompanied by supraventricular tachyarrhythmia is referred to as tachy brady syndrome, because these individuals…

Echocardiography Cardiac thromboembolism Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death worldwide (1). Emboli originating in the atria, left atrial appendage (LAA), ventricles, valves, and proximal…

Conduction defects ECG Right bundle branch block (RBBB) Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is due to an anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle…

…In other words: tachycardias with narrow QRS complexes originate in the atria. the term supraventricular tachycardia is often used to refer to tachycardias originating in…

…originating near the atrioventricular node from those originating in the bundle of His. Well trained athletes may have very high Vagal tone which lowers the…

…automaticity in pacemaker cells or blocking of impulses somewhere along the conduction system. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (tachycardia): rapid arrhythmias due to impulses originating from the atria…

…cardiac arrest in septic patients; timely oxygenation can potentially prevent circulatory collapse. Initiate an intravenous bolus of 500 ml crystalloid solution . Assess the esponse and…

…condition that may be caused by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or tumors. Rheumatic disease is the most common cause, in…

…The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with marked tolerance. The most important measures in severe or…

…often determined by the presence and severity of underlying cardiovascular disease. Conduction disease and the need for pacemaker therapy may be more frequent in T2DM…

…as to embolization in the systemic circulation. The complications can be fatal. Approximately 500 Swedes are affected annually by endocarditis and the median age of…

…general degeneration of the atrial conduction system. Individuals with atrial fibrillation and bradycardia have bradycardia–tachycardia syndrome. Careful management is warranted in patients with bradycardia…

…the exposure if this can be done immediately. Stop a suspected drug infusion or contrast medium. Remove a visible bee sting. Never delay adrenaline in…

…and by feel nail spicules are left behind — which is the commonest cause of recurrence. Indications Condition Procedure : : Acute paronychia with fluctuance or visible pus…

…source control. Sepsis is a dynamic condition. Investigation and treatment must therefore proceed in parallel and must not wait for complete diagnostic certainty. Sepsis is…

…in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk…

…in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk…

…The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia, the co administration…

…The hemodynamic consequences of aortic regurgitation depend on whether the condition develops acutely or gradually. Acute aortic regurgitation Acute aortic regurgitation results in rapid volume…

…Natural course and prognosis in aortic stenosis Aortic stenosis is generally asymptomatic until the valve area is <1 cm². This condition causes hemodynamic changes that…

…cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure. Notably, beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite…

…but the condition should be managed as STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) in terms of treatment and interventions. As discussed previously, STEMI is the result…

…during systole showing apical ballooning akinesis with basal hyperkinesis in a characteristic takotsubo ventricle. Studies from the US and Japan has estimated that up to…

…escape rhythm must arise in an ectopic focus (located distal to the block). Third degree AV block is a very serious condition because escape rhythms…

…an abnormal result is not specific to delirium. Symptoms are often worse in the evening and at night, but diurnal variation is not a diagnostic…

…constant PR interval. Third degree AV block: all atrial impulses are blocked in the AV conduction system and therefore cannot activate the ventricles. An escape…

…blood pressure measurement. Resuscitation trolley with defibrillator, oxygen, suction and emergency drugs in the room. Staff with current CPR competence; a physician available. Patient preparation…

…The blood pressure is often at least 180/120 mmHg, but no absolute threshold defines the condition. A rapid rise in blood pressure can cause…

…Condition : : Absolute Suspected base of skull fracture or a marked midfacial fracture — the tube can pass through a fracture in the cribriform plate into the…

…that the syringing is performed on a tympanic membrane that was already perforated. Indications Otoscopy: earache, hearing loss, ear discharge, dizziness, tinnitus, fever in a…

…Avoid or modify in: Situation Management : : Disseminated intravascular coagulation or clinically overt bleeding Refrain until the condition has been corrected Marked coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Routine…

…the patellar tendon — do not inject into or beside them. Anticoagulant treatment is not a contraindication to these superficial injections. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in…

…Contraindications Forced expiration raises the pressure in the thorax, the abdomen, the skull and the eyes. Postpone the test in: Condition Recommended delay : : Myocardial infarction…

…for mobilisation and bladder training. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected urethral injury — blood at the meatus, a perineal or scrotal haematoma, a high riding or…

Info A comprehensive list of conditions and drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS…

…dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition…

…do not already have a condition conferring sufficiently high cardiovascular risk. They should not be applied as the principal risk tool in people with: Documented…

…ACS presentations in young and middle aged women. The condition is often under recognized or misdiagnosed, making accurate angiographic diagnosis particularly important. The precise initiating…

…accumulation of blood within the false lumen, which compresses the true lumen to varying degrees; this non atherosclerotic condition may occur especially in young women…

…coronary risk factors may be absent. The condition is more prevalent in Japan and South Korea than in Western populations, and multiple vessel spasm during…

…Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either…

…exhibit biventricular cardiomyopathy, although the disease is less pronounced in the left ventricle. Rarely the condition is confined to the left ventricle. ARVC causes ventricular…

…this figure rises dramatically in Southeast Asia, where the condition is historically linked to Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome (SUNDS) [4] . The clinical presentation is…

…In either scenario, there is sustained muscle activation, leading to marked heat generation, acidosis, and the subsequent development of hyperkalemia. This condition is potentially fatal…

…in some cases, the condition may be transient. Pericardiotomy can be curative, which is why it is important to detect the disease early in the…

…early repolarization was a benign condition, which is why the term benign early repolarization was coined. This notion was overturned in 2008 when Haïssaguerre et…

…wave – is defined as a wave occurring at the J point ( Figure 1 ). Conditions in which the J wave occurs may be referred to as…

…Exercise stress testing in patients with previous acute coronary syndromes (myocardial infarction), women, elderly and revascularized individuals Clinicians should be familiar with the special challenges…

…as long QT interval . The upper reference limit for QTc interval is 460 ms in males and 470 ms in females. QTc intervals exceeding these…

…of AV blocks aims to restore atrioventricular conduction either pharmacologically or by means of artificial pacemakers. Both methods may be used in the acute setting…

…hemodynamics and conditions prevailing on the right side. Echocardiography is the first choice for assessing the right side of the heart, despite difficulties in visualizing…

…days is 10.7% in out of hospital cardiac arrest ( Yan et al ). The low survival reflects the sudden and hyperacute nature of the condition…

Conduction defects ECG Second degree AV block: ECG criteria, clinical characteristics & management In this chapter, the focus will be on second degree atrioventricular (AV) block…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

…A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs of a serious condition Finding Significance : : Inability to speak in full sentences Marked work of breathing…

…Bilevel NIV IPAP 12–15 and EPAP 4–5 cmH₂O Increase the IPAP in steps of 2–3 cmH₂O every 5–10 min towards 20…

…The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a very low carbohydrate intake excessive alcohol consumption vomiting or othe

…autoimmune disease or previous thrombotic microangiopathy. Antidepressants can affect the blood pressure in several ways. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors can cause a hypertensive crisis through interactions…

…in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of water balance. The…

…Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis, ongoing soft tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79…