…which is also constant. Atria and ventricles are depolarized separately. The ventricular rhythm is an escape rhythm arising in the AV node or bundle of…

…to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock during ventricular…

…ischaemia are a primary diagnostic criterion for acute MI. For procedural subtypes (types 4a and 5), the clinical presentation is inherently linked to the context…

…Type 4c MI caused by restenosis Type 5 MI associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) Types 4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type…

…Risk model, a validated tool designed to estimate the 5 year risk of life threatening arrhythmic events in individuals with LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3. This…

…be secured. Preparation and equipment Edrophonium 10 mg/mL, 1 mL (named patient product — order well in advance). Atropine 0.5 mg for premedication, plus…

…stemi] Points 30 days mortality 0 0,8% 1 1,6% 2 2,2% 3 4,4% 4 7,3% 5 12,4% 6 16…

CPR Hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia Hyperthermia is characterized by a body temperature exceeding the typical range of 36.5 37.6°C (97.7 99.7°F…

…Follow FASS (the Swedish medicines compendium) and the local protocol. See the pulmonary embolism quick reference for risk stratification. Renal function eGFR (mL/min) Management : :…

…Duration and dose Risk of HPA suppression Tapering : : : < 3 weeks, at any dose Low Can be stopped straight away 3 weeks, prednisolone < 5…

…keratin. 4. Protect the surroundings with petroleum jelly and, where necessary, a shielding cone. 5. Hold the spray nozzle 1–2 cm from the skin …

…and the U wave must not be included. Electrical axis Electrical axis Interpretation : : −30° to +90° Normal −30° to −90° Left axis deviation — left anterior…

…people and in renal failure Morphine PO 5–10 mg as needed The active metabolite accumulates in renal failure Oxycodone IV 2.5–5 mg…

…the current hospital protocol and check the strength and the maximum infusion rate. Rapid overview Time from seizure onset Action : : 0 to 5 minutes ABCDE…

…printed on the catheter , usually 10 mL in adults. Do not use saline — the salt can crystallise and block the valve. The material determines how…

…s algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails 5 criteria…

…h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects Headache. Nausea…

Reference values for atrial size and volume Women Men Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal…

…ratio 1–2 1–2 <1 1–1.5 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver) 1.5 1.5–2.0 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver)…

…Aneurysmatic Diastolic deformation 5 Recommended by the American Society for Echocardiography (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:1440 1463, 2005). Left ventricular mass and geometry Women…

…consumption and myocardial contractility. Less pronounced blood pressure lowering effect than esmolol and labetalol. Time to onset of action 20 minutes Duration of action 5…

…mg every 5 to 15 minutes as necessary. Continuous infusion: Start infusion at 0.1 mg/min and increase in increments of 0.1 mg…

…Severe regurgitation Jet size < 5cm² 5 10 cm² 10 cm² size vena cava inferior < 2,1 cm and compressible in between 2,1…

…IMH for approximately 10%–20%, and PAU for about 5%; reported proportions vary by population and region. Intramural haematoma IMH is haemorrhage within the aortic…

…5, 10]. A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in the 3 years preceding diagnosis is also…

…coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and/or the ECG is normal or inconclusive…

…5.6 mmol/L) in some guidance; 150 mg/dL (≥1.7 mmol/L) in ESC primary prevention guidance 175–499 mg/dL (2.0…

…medicine Definition and clinical classification Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15…

…hypoxia and anoxia ( Casas et al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible neuronal cell death starts within 5…

…fibrillation. ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation, fine (low amplitudes). ECG 6 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse. ECG…

…VT). ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock, followed by asystole. ECG…

…termination of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 5 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, self terminating. ECG 6 . Repeated runs of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 7 . Continued ventricular ectopy and VT.

…the more myocardium can be salvaged. Call the PCI service in parallel with drug treatment and transport planning [1,5]. Symptom duration Under 12 hours…

…hypercapnic respiratory failure 88 to 92 percent No risk of hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target…

…to at least 1.5 times baseline, known or presumed to have occurred within 7 days. Urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h for…

…Early in a severe attack the patient usually hyperventilates and the pCO₂ is low. A normal pCO₂ may therefore mean that alveolar ventilation is already…

…4.5 hours improves functional outcome in properly selected patients. Tenecteplase 0.25 mg/kg is a safe and effective alternative to alteplase and is…

…or, more rarely, hypoactivity, hallucinations and marked autonomic hyperactivity Up to 5 to 7 days, sometimes longer Persisting withdrawal, particularly after previous severe episodes, with…

…brachial index (TBI). The digital arteries rarely calcify, which makes toe pressure the method of choice in diabetes and renal failure. A normal TBI is ≥

…weight (Devine): men 50 kg + 0.9 kg per cm above 152 cm; women 45.5 kg + 0.9 kg per cm above 152 cm…

…L Clearance over time is more informative than a single value Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Normal echocardiographic values Measurement Women Men : : : Left…

…normal value effectively excludes heart failure D dimer < 0.5 mg/L FEU Age adjusted threshold: age × 0.01 above 50 years INR 0…

…every population. Hypoactive delirium is, however, consistently underdiagnosed, and several studies have linked the subtype to high mortality, particularly in intensive care [5]. Suspect hypoactive

…An antihistamine and a corticosteroid do not affect the acute course. Measure Adult Child : : : Adrenaline IM (1 mg/mL) 0.5 mg (0.5 mL)…

…stenosis (AS) Disease defining parameters Mild stenosis Moderate stenosis Severe stenosis Valve area (cm²) 1.5 1.0 1.5 < 1.0 Normalized val

…4 g × 4 IV plus gentamicin 5–7 mg/kg IV as a single dose Urosepsis with shock and suspected ESBL meropenem 1 g × 3…

…never obliquely upwards towards the eye. 3. Expand it with 5–10 mL of saline through an intravenous cannula. 4. Tape the drawstring to a…

…A normal ECG does not exclude dangerous hyperkalaemia. Record a 12 lead ECG and start cardiac monitoring at a plasma potassium above 6.0 mmol…

…consciousness, is having seizures or cannot swallow. 5. If there is no intravenous access, give glucagon and establish access at the same time. 6. Measure…

…and marked hypotonic hyponatraemia, however, treatment must not be delayed [1,3]. Severe symptoms: treat immediately Hypertonic sodium chloride Give hypertonic saline 30 mg/mL…

…8–16 mm 45–90° 1–2 mL Intradermal 26–27 G, 10 mm 5–15° 0.1 mL At a BMI above 35 or…

…chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Lactate Falling A clearance 10 % per 2 h…

…and a fenestrated drape for injection. A needle of 0.8–1.2 × 50 mm for large joints (knee, shoulder), 0.5–0.6 × 25…

…index may be falsely normal because of medial sclerosis — in that case add toe pressure measurement. Absolute: ABI < 0.5 or toe pressure <…

…injury, and 2–5 a mixed pattern. Orders of magnitude that direct the work up ALT 50 × the upper limit of normal: paracetamol poisoning, ischaemic…

…which requires body plethysmography DLCO Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide An obstructive pattern: FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70)…

…Gastrointestinal bleeding with shock and ongoing haematemesis or haematochezia, or a continuing rapid transfusion requirement. Obstetric haemorrhage of around 1,500 mL or more with…

…clinical picture 5 Take cultures or molecular tests from the suspected focus, but avoid sampling that delays antibiotics 6 Take a targeted history and examine…

…5) 0.8–30 (11) 1–30 (12) 2–33 (14) 2–39 (15) Children, overview Rijnbeek et al. Median values with the 2nd and…

…selected cases the patient can be observed without anticoagulation Red flags and pitfalls A normal saturation and a normal ECG do not exclude pulmonary embolism…