CPR ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by polymorphic VT. ECG 2 . Polymorphic VT. ECG 3 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Polymorphic…

…4b and 4c MIs meet the clinical criteria for a type 1 MI. Type 5 MI: Represents a periprocedural myocardial infarction associated with coronary artery…

…by restenosis Type 5 MI associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) Types 4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they…

…introduced the 1 2 3 LQTS Risk model, a validated tool designed to estimate the 5 year risk of life threatening arrhythmic events in individuals…

…be secured. Preparation and equipment Edrophonium 10 mg/mL, 1 mL (named patient product — order well in advance). Atropine 0.5 mg for premedication, plus…

…mortality 0 0,8% 1 1,6% 2 2,2% 3 4,4% 4 7,3% 5 12,4% 6 16,1% 7 23,4…

…dizziness, syncope. Cold environment. Cold intravenous fluids (1 2 L crystalloid, with rate 500 ml/h). Cold shower. Ice packs. Heat stroke ( 40°C) Neurological symptoms…

…the pulmonary embolism quick reference for risk stratification. Renal function eGFR (mL/min) Management : : 50 Standard dose, creatinine checked at least annually 30 50 Dose…

…life : : : : Hydrocortisone (cortisol) 20 mg Marked Short, 8–12 hours Prednisolone 5 mg Moderate Intermediate, 12–36 hours Methylprednisolone 4 mg Low Intermediate Betamethasone 0…

…cycles Margin : : : : Actinic keratosis, thin 5–10 s 1 1–2 mm Actinic keratosis, hypertrophic 10–15 s 2 2 mm Verruca vulgaris 10–20…

…with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a small square (1 mm) corresponds to 20 ms and a large square (5 mm…

…opioids in renal failure Ketobemidone IV 2.5–5 mg Oral bioavailability about 35 per cent Paracetamol PO or IV 1 g × 4 The basic…

…neuronal injury increases. Treatment must therefore start at 5 minutes and be escalated without unnecessary pauses [1]. The aims are, simultaneously, to: 1. terminate clinical…

…reduce urethral trauma. The balloon is filled with sterile water according to the volume printed on the catheter , usually 10 mL in adults. Do not…

…tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails 5 criteria, which are tested sequentially (Figure 1). Figure 1. Flowchart of Brugada's algorithm for…

…Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion). Dose Initial dose: 1 2 mg/h iv…

…1 3.2 ATRIAL AREA LA area, cm2 <20 20–30 30–40 40 <20 20–30 30–40 40 ATRIAL VOLUMES LA volume, mL…

…dysfunction) E/A ratio 1–2 1–2 <1 1–1.5 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver) 1.5 1.5–2.0 (not reversed…

…3.3–3.4 3.5–3.7 3.8 2.2–3.1 3.2–3.4 3.5–3.6 3.7 LV…

…minutes Duration of action 5 to 8 hours Delivery IV Dose 1.25 to 5 mg IV followed by 2.5–15 mg IV every…

…Dose Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg every 5 to 15 minutes as necessary. Continuous infusion: Start infusion at 0.1 mg/min and increase…

…Tricuspid valve stenosis Mean pressure gradient ≥ 5 mmHg Valve area according to the continuity equation (cm²) ≤ 1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow…

…of acute aortic syndromes, IMH for approximately 10%–20%, and PAU for about 5%; reported proportions vary by population and region. Intramural haematoma IMH is…

…particularly the low flow, low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1, 5, 10]. A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits…

…low dose, approximately 1–2 mSv, while contemporary combined coronary, pulmonary, and aortic angiography can achieve less than 5 mSv in appropriate settings. Clinical Presentation…

…1.7 mmol/L) in ESC primary prevention guidance 175–499 mg/dL (2.0–5.6 mmol/L) Severe HTG ≥500 mg/dL ( 5…

…hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their…

…compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible neuronal cell death starts within 5–6 minutes. Biological death usually occurs within minutes thereafter; survival is…

…Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Male Age : 43 years History : None Medications : None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia…

…arrhythmias. Medications : beta blockers ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 …

CPR ECG 1 . The underlying rhythm is atrial fibrillation, which is interrupted by polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. ECG 3 . Spontaneous…

…immediate fibrinolysis is recommended in the absence of contraindications, followed by direct transfer to a PCI centre [1,5]. Situation Practical target : : ECG after first…

…NIV is being considered. 4. Give short acting bronchodilators. 5. Give a systemic corticosteroid if the exacerbation is more than mild. 6. Assess the indication…

…to at least 1.5 times baseline, known or presumed to have occurred within 7 days. Urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h for…

…oxygen in hypoxaemia. 4. Start an inhaled short acting β2 agonist immediately. 5. Add ipratropium in a severe or life threatening attack. 6. Give a…

…there is a discrepancy or uncertainty. Intravenous thrombolysis within 4.5 hours improves functional outcome in properly selected patients. Tenecteplase 0.25 mg/kg is…

…particularly in patients with marked tolerance. The most important measures in severe or complicated withdrawal are: 1. A benzodiazepine in a sufficient and repeated dose…

…ABI = highest ankle pressure in that leg ÷ highest arm pressure of the two arms Interpretation ABI Interpretation Action : : : 1.40 Incompressible vessels — medial sclerosis…

…drugs distributed in total body water. Body surface area (Mosteller): √(height in cm × weight in kg / 3600) m². Normal adult 1.6–2.0 m²…

…perfusion Lactate < 1.6 mmol/L Clearance over time is more informative than a single value Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Normal…

…5.0 mmol/L Targets are governed by the total risk, not by the reference range LDL < 3.0 mmol/L Target < 1…

…deprivation, urinary retention or a new sedative drug, for example — may be enough to precipitate the condition [1,2]. Delirium is common but often missed…

…Fluid 500–1,000 mL Ringer's acetate rapidly 20 mL/kg Nebulised adrenaline 2 mg neb for stridor 2 mg neb Salbutamol 5 mg…

…stenosis (AS) Disease defining parameters Mild stenosis Moderate stenosis Severe stenosis Valve area (cm²) 1.5 1.0 1.5 < 1.0 Normalized val

…Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen erythromycin 500 mg × 4 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline 200 mg × 1 (day 1), then 100 mg × 1 Pneumonia, severe…

…controlled. Petroleum jelly gauze often gives better pressure but requires more experience and hurts more: consider analgesia (fentanyl 0.5–1 µg/kg IV). Grasp…

…5. At the same time, start treatment that eliminates potassium from the body. 6. Check the plasma potassium after about 1 hour and follow the…

…has a reduced level of consciousness, is having seizures or cannot swallow. 5. If there is no intravenous access, give glucagon and establish access at…

…a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma…

…6. Inject at an even rate, about 1 mL per 3–5 seconds. 7. Withdraw the needle at the same angle and press with a…

…chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Lactate Falling A clearance 10 % per 2 h…

…1.2 × 50 mm for large joints (knee, shoulder), 0.5–0.6 × 25 mm for small joints (wrist, finger joints). A 20–50 mL…

…ulcer, basal cell carcinoma) and vasculitis do occur. Wound debridement 1. Cleanse with lukewarm tap water or saline; showering the leg is a good option…

…Mild Moderate–severe Encephalopathy None Grade 1–2 Grade 3–4 Class A = 5–6 points, B = 7–9, C = 10–15…

…Since 2022 the z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the fifth percentile) has been recommended in preference to…

…or a continuing rapid transfusion requirement. Obstetric haemorrhage of around 1,500 mL or more with continuing bleeding, or a smaller measured blood loss if…

…A neutrophil count below 0.5 × 10⁹/L, or below 1.0 × 10⁹/L with an expected fall to below 0.5 × 10⁹/L within…

…5–27 (15) 3–25 (13) 3–22 (11) 3–19 (10) 3–20 (10) 2–20 (9) 3–18 (9) 2–18 (8) 1…

…surgery in the last 4 weeks 1.5 Previous deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism 1.5 Haemoptysis 1 Active malignancy 1 Two level interpretation: …