…which is also constant. Atria and ventricles are depolarized separately. The ventricular rhythm is an escape rhythm arising in the AV node or bundle of…

…to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock during ventricular…

…Type 5 MI: Represents a periprocedural myocardial infarction associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The diagnosis of an acute MI…

…Type 4c MI caused by restenosis Type 5 MI associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) Types 4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type…

…Risk model, a validated tool designed to estimate the 5 year risk of life threatening arrhythmic events in individuals with LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3. This…

…be secured. Preparation and equipment Edrophonium 10 mg/mL, 1 mL (named patient product — order well in advance). Atropine 0.5 mg for premedication, plus…

…stemi] Points 30 days mortality 0 0,8% 1 1,6% 2 2,2% 3 4,4% 4 7,3% 5 12,4% 6 16…

CPR Hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia Hyperthermia is characterized by a body temperature exceeding the typical range of 36.5 37.6°C (97.7 99.7°F…

…5 mg twice daily if at least two of: age ≥80 years, weight ≤60 kg, creatinine ≥133 µmol/L Rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily with…

…mg with prednisolone 0.75 mg. A tenfold difference in effect. Giving the morning dose late in the day , which causes sleep disturbance and more…

…any hyperkeratosis with a scalpel; nitrogen does not penetrate thick keratin. 4. Protect the surroundings with petroleum jelly and, where necessary, a shielding cone. 5…

…s with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a small square (1 mm) corresponds to 20 ms and a large square (5…

…people and in renal failure Morphine PO 5–10 mg as needed The active metabolite accumulates in renal failure Oxycodone IV 2.5–5 mg…

…the current hospital protocol and check the strength and the maximum infusion rate. Rapid overview Time from seizure onset Action : : 0 to 5 minutes ABCDE…

…is about 25 cm long with two curves and a prostate that can grip; the female urethra is only 3–5 cm and almost straight…

…s algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails 5 criteria…

…in patients with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia. • Contraindicated in severe aortic stenosis due to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration…

Reference values for atrial size and volume Women Men Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal…

…2 1–2 <1 1–1.5 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver) 1.5 1.5–2.0 (not reversed with Valsalva maneuver) Deceleration time…

…Aneurysmatic Diastolic deformation 5 Recommended by the American Society for Echocardiography (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:1440 1463, 2005). Left ventricular mass and geometry Women…

…cautiously in patients with asthma (due to risk of bronchospasm). • Used cautiously in bradycardia due to negative chronotropic effect. Metoprolol doses and administration in hypertension…

…injection : 5 to 15 mg every 5 to 15 minutes as necessary. Continuous infusion: Start infusion at 0.1 mg/min and increase in increments…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…multiple and typically measure approximately 5–25 mm in diameter and 4–30 mm in depth. PAU is strongly associated with extensive atherosclerosis and frequently…

…may reveal a normal or low pulse pressure, an elevated jugular venous pressure with a paradoxical rise on inspiration (Kussmaul sign), and a difficult to…

…ECG is normal or inconclusive. The principal diagnostic strength of CCTA is its ability to exclude significant anatomical CAD with high sensitivity and a high…

…dL ( 5.6 mmol/L) ≥500 mg/dL ( 5.6 mmol/L) Triglyceride rich lipoproteins, remnant lipoproteins and insulin resistance are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular…

…approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their incidence has increased in parallel with…

…perfusion, with an equal degree of hypoxia in all neurons. There is one fundamental difference between neurons and myocardium in the setting of hypoxia. Myocardium…

…of shock (red arrow), with subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock. ECG 12 …

…VT). ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock, followed by asystole. ECG…

…termination of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 5 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, self terminating. ECG 6 . Repeated runs of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 7 . Continued ventricular ectopy and VT.

…the more myocardium can be salvaged. Call the PCI service in parallel with drug treatment and transport planning [1,5]. Symptom duration Under 12 hours…

…hypercapnic respiratory failure 88 to 92 percent No risk of hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target…

…sodium, potassium, bicarbonate or blood gas, calcium, phosphate, glucose and a full blood count. 5. Take a urine dipstick and, where the cause is unclear…

…delaying treatment. 10. Call anaesthetics and intensive care early with life threatening features or an inadequate response. First line treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated…

…4.5 hours improves functional outcome in properly selected patients. Tenecteplase 0.25 mg/kg is a safe and effective alternative to alteplase and is…

…carried a high mortality. With modern sedation, supportive treatment and treatment of the precipitating illness the prognosis is considerably better [3,5]. Pathophysiology Alcohol enhances…

…0.90 Peripheral arterial disease, mild to moderate Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical assessment Exercise ABI. With a normal…

…weight (Devine): men 50 kg + 0.9 kg per cm above 152 cm; women 45.5 kg + 0.9 kg per cm above 152 cm…

…L Clearance over time is more informative than a single value Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Normal echocardiographic values Measurement Women Men : : : Left…

…normal value effectively excludes heart failure D dimer < 0.5 mg/L FEU Age adjusted threshold: age × 0.01 above 50 years INR 0…

…the residential care home or the previous care provider. 5. Confirm delirium with a structured instrument , for example the 4AT or the CAM according to…

…second attempt). Vasoactive infusions Drug Dose range Primary effect Used in : : : : Noradrenaline 0.05–0.5 µg/kg/min α₁ — vasoconstriction Septic and distributive shock

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…4 g × 4 IV plus gentamicin 5–7 mg/kg IV as a single dose Urosepsis with shock and suspected ESBL meropenem 1 g × 3…

…tongue depressor, a vomit bowl. Local anaesthesia and vasoconstriction: lidocaine 4 % with oxymetazoline 0.5 % (or xylometazoline) on cotton pledgets. Cautery: silver nitrate sticks; electrocautery…

…4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high dose salbutamol in marked hyperkalaemia if there is no contraindication. 5. At the…

…at a normal glucose. With frequent hypoglycaemia the warning symptoms may instead be absent until the glucose has become very low [4]. Sampling and measurement…

…take the plasma osmolality, urine osmolality and urine sodium before treatment. 5. With severe symptoms: give hypertonic saline immediately. Do not wait for a complete…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…about 7.20. Different targets apply when the intracranial pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia…

…50 mL syringe for a knee with a large effusion, 5–10 mL for smaller joints. Local anaesthesia of the skin and subcutis where needed…

…index may be falsely normal because of medial sclerosis — in that case add toe pressure measurement. Absolute: ABI < 0.5 or toe pressure <…

…injury, and 2–5 a mixed pattern. Orders of magnitude that direct the work up ALT 50 × the upper limit of normal: paracetamol poisoning, ischaemic…

…FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70). A restrictive pattern: a reduced TLC — this cannot be established with spirometry alone…

…5. Start active warming and use a blood warmer. 6. Take a blood gas with lactate, pH, base excess, haemoglobin and ionised calcium, together with…

…neutropenia with clinical risk factors International guidelines generally use a single temperature of 38.3 degrees as the threshold [4,5]. Some Swedish and local…

…5) 0.8–30 (11) 1–30 (12) 2–33 (14) 2–39 (15) Children, overview Rijnbeek et al. Median values with the 2nd and…

…cent. An sPESI of 0 indicates low risk. Anticoagulation A DOAC is the first choice in pulmonary embolism without malignancy and without antiphospholipid syndrome. The…