…is also indicated. Possible shortening of DAPT A duration of 6 months after ACS is generally considered too short for routine use, but it may…

…or primary arrhythmias, shockable rhythm indicates that the duration of cardiac arrest is relatively short (or there is high quality CPR). The longer the duration…

…Assessment of whether residual weakness in a patient with known myasthenia responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and…

Esmolol Drug Esmolol Brand names Brevibloc ® Indications Short term control of ventricular rate (including perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism…

Fenoldopam Drug Fenoldopam Brand names Corlopam ® Indications Short term management of hypertension, including hypertensive emergency. Mechanism of action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist…

Echocardiography Pulsed Wave Doppler The pulsed wave Doppler (PW Doppler) sends short pulses of ultrasound and analyzes reflected sound waves between the pulses. This is…

Echocardiography Generating the ultrasound image The ultrasound transducer generates short bursts (pulses) of ultrasound waves. Reflected ultrasound waves are analyzed by the machine during the…

…A large bore, short cannula in a large vein gives many times the flow of a fine needle, and collapsed veins mean that the fine…

…Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by…

…opposite in each case. Equivalent doses Agent Equivalent glucocorticoid dose Mineralocorticoid effect Biological half life : : : : Hydrocortisone (cortisol) 20 mg Marked Short, 8–12 hours Prednisolone…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Lathundar An inpatient has a different insulin sensitivity from at home: less food, more stress, often corticosteroids, often impaired renal function. Prescribe basal…

…complexes with similar morphology as ECG 1, likely presenting a supraventricular rhythm. Three short bursts of ventricular tachycardia occur. ECG 3. Repeated bursts of VT…

…of the aortic bulb. The LMCA is short and branches into the two arteries supplying the anterior and left side of the heart, as follows:…

…consciousness, or when NIV is being considered. 4. Give short acting bronchodilators. 5. Give a systemic corticosteroid if the exacerbation is more than mild. 6…

…3. Give oxygen in hypoxaemia. 4. Start an inhaled short acting β2 agonist immediately. 5. Add ipratropium in a severe or life threatening attack. 6…

…ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a fasted patient at low risk of aspiration. A conduit for fibreoptically assisted…

…indication Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (gluteal tendinopathy) The trochanteric bursa The effect is chiefly short term Lateral epicondylitis At the extensor origin Consider withholding it…

…Calculation of Qp/Qs 1. Measurement of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT) Diameter Optimal View : Mid transgastric left ventricular short axis (LVSAX) view. Method : Zoom…

…Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by…

… 18:7). Short QT interval A shortened QT interval is also associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Corrected QT Interval (QTc interval) The…

…complications than patients without AF; both short and long term prognosis are worse than in patients who remain in sinus rhythm. Several mechanisms may account…

…within 48–72 hours of infarction. Early thrombus formation is associated with poor short term prognosis, although early mortality is usually related to the extent…

…long cycles (i.e. long RR intervals) are associated with long refractory periods and short RR intervals have shorter refractory periods. Aberrant conduction occurs when…

…tachycardia (NCT). Adenosine typically causes a short lasting second or third degree AV block which may be unpleasant to the patient. This side effect lasts…

…type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis. Adapted from…

…of the aortic bulb. The LMCA is short and branches into the two arteries supplying the anterior and left side of the heart, as follows:…

…brief warm up phase lasting approximately 5 to 10 seconds may precede the full tachycardia. It is characterized by short, rapid bursts of atrial activity…

…Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by…

…Cardiac Planes in Echocardiography Plane Echocardiographic view Short axis Parasternal short axis view (PSAX) Vertical long axis Apical two chamber view (A2C) Horizontal long axis…

…to as torsade de pointes . Abnormally short QTc interval is also arrhythmogenic but it is a very rare condition. Several formulas have been suggested to…

…to coronary blood flow. 15 O Water is an ideal tracer, with a short half life (2 minutes), causing minimal radiation exposure. It is metabolically…

…the combination of these features are unique to pre excitation: ECG features of pre excitation Short PR interval : The PR interval is <0.12 seconds…

…parasternal short axis view. Pressure gradient and pressure half time (PHT) are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short…

…a complicated anatomy. In cross section (SAX, short axis view), the the ventricle is rather a crescent shaped appendage of the left ventricle. On longitudinal…

…is pulled towards the apex. Myocardial fibers in the middle layer (mid wall) are oriented circularly around the short axis. Contraction in this layer results…

…usually generalised tonic clonic and sometimes several within a short period 24 to 72 hours Increasing autonomic hyperactivity and risk of complicated withdrawal 48 to…

…A short course (no more than 7 days) may be given to selected patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary…

…vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site…

… nausea is common. Tell the patient that the test will in all probability provoke intense but short lived vertigo, and that this is precisely the…

…block. Non specific intraventricular conduction delay. Hyperkalaemia. Class I antiarrhythmic drugs. Tricyclic antidepressants. Phenothiazines. Ventricular beats or rhythm. Pacemaker. Pre excitation. Aberrant conduction. Short Q

…Monitoring: ECG, pulse oximetry and blood pressure at short intervals. Tube size and depth Patient Internal diameter (mm) Depth at the teeth (cm) : : : Adult woman…

…amputation. The decisive step is therefore not the choice of dressing but the ankle brachial index before the first bandage is applied . Indications Venous leg…

…is titrated to spontaneous breathing, not to wakefulness. It has a short half life, and the patient must be monitored afterwards. Starting a modified release…

…of the tympanic membrane → the light reflex → the handle and short process of the malleus → the pars flaccida → signs of fluid…

…Recommended delay : : Myocardial infarction or unstable angina 1 month Pneumothorax 1 month after resolution Pulmonary embolism, until anticoagulated and stable An individual assessment Eye, ear…

…5 mm. Indication Size Comment : : : Clear urine, routine catheterisation in a woman Ch 12–14 A short catheter, about 20–25 cm Clear urine, routine…

…Most patients display QTc 500 ms during sinus rhythm. TdP is typically initiated by a long short coupling sequence. Common scenarios leading to TdP: (1…

…either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in the presence of abnormal clinical risk assessment. Low risk PE is characterized by…

…of these highly efficient elimination pathways, adenosine has an extremely short elimination half life of 1 to 6 seconds. Most of the drug's pharmacological…

…1 hypertension, pharmacological treatment has demonstrated cardiovascular benefit, although in younger individuals with low short term risk, lifetime benefit should be considered and discussed. Where…

…depends on functional assessment. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is characterized invasively by reduced CFR and increased microvascular resistance, measured by the index of microcirculatory resistance…

…absence of a major residual epicardial obstruction. No reflow is associated with serious short and long term outcomes. Its occurrence is associated with an approximately…

…ECG. The waves, intervals, durations and assessment of rhythm is fundamental to ECG interpretation. Below follows a brief summary of the ECG waves, their appearance…

…thrombotic material is an important proposed mechanism. No reflow may produce major short and long term adverse consequences, including a substantially increased risk of periprocedural…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation QT duration and corrected QT (QTc) duration ECG interpretation always includes an assessment of the QT interval (QT duration). The…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The normal T wave Assessment of the T wave represents a difficult but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal…

…Most patients display QTc 500 ms during sinus rhythm. TdP is typically initiated by a long short coupling sequence. Common scenarios leading to TdP: (1…

…Subaortic membrane Endocarditis Echocardiography in aortic regurgitation 2D Echocardiography The images are acquired in PLAX (parasternal long axis view) and PSAX (parasternal short axis view)…

…and/or enhanced calcium excretion, chronic renal failure, pancreatic or bowel resections (leading to "short bowel syndrome"), parathyroid and thyroid surgeries, as well as medications…