…In the critically ill patient, AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness…

…sepsis research) or physiological reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced and should preferably only be conducted in specialized centers. Patients who are not in specialized…

…when the patient fell asleep and got up. Holter ECG and longer rhythm monitoring Indications Palpitations, presyncope or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment of…

…1,2]. Telephone your national or regional poison control centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the…

…or warfarin Subsegmental pulmonary embolism without deep vein thrombosis An individual assessment; in selected cases the patient can be observed without anticoagulation Red flags and…

…drug, dosing, route of administration and criteria for intermediate care or intensive care. Time course after the last intake The times given are approximate. Symptoms…

…repeated assessment of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or a need for high dependency or intensive care…

…experienced with the head impulse test; performed on the wrong patient or by an inexperienced examiner it is unreliable. A single central feature is enough…

…before surgery, or while swelling is progressing. Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation…

…the patient, work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or…

…drugs, and how many doses, has the patient taken? Is the patient on an inhaled corticosteroid or other anti inflammatory treatment? Previous intensive care, intubati

…can form after transfusion or pregnancy. Check the validity before ordering blood ; an expired type and screen discovered when the patient is already bleeding costs…

…rarely the needle itself. It is the decision whether to perform it now or after imaging, how the patient is positioned, which needle is chosen…

…Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic…

…Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic…

…an ABCDE assessment and document the time of seizure onset, or the time the patient was last known to be well. Protect the patient from…

…strongly time dependent. The interval from symptom onset to reperfusion is determined by patient recognition and help seeking, pre hospital assessment and transport, diagnostic and…

…a potential interaction, and that there is a ready made plan for what happens when the INR runs away or the patient bleeds. In Sweden…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…External rotation (the Hennepin technique). The patient lies supine or sits. The upper arm is held adducted against the trunk and the elbow is flexed…

…of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute…

…donation register, on a donor card, or through statements made to the next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment;…

…Children, pregnant women and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and…

…patient — awake fibreoptic intubation or anaesthetic back up is then the right course, not RSI. Assess the airway first LEMON for a rapid bedside assessment…

…blanket, or alternatively an intravascular cooling catheter . Both are controlled by feedback from the core temperature. Simple measures that are often enough: undressing the patient…

…assessment for hypertensive emergency. In that setting, clinical assessment must determine whether immediate blood pressure lowering treatment is required. Patients with suggestive symptoms, signs or…

…cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening for secondary hypertension. The initial clinical assessment…

…when encountering a patient with chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic…

…The patient must nonetheless be observed, since the reaction can progress. Practical grading There are several grading systems, and no grading replaces immediate clinical assessment…

…and is linked to substantial mortality, even though incidence and prognosis vary widely between patient groups and care settings [2]. Practical first actions Do the…

…and obtain consent if the patient is awake, and scan the vessel with ultrasound before you drape — a thrombosed or non compressible vein changes the…

…are taken from the recommendations of Strama Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and in residential care homes (SÄBO) 2025/2026…

…high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in inpatients…

…adoption has led to standardized reporting of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical…

…a nonspecific finding. In patients presenting with angioedema, a rapid assessment of the airway is paramount to evaluate for impending respiratory compromise. Diagnostics The diagnosis…

…attention to the emergence of symptoms. Evaluation Before Rehabilitation Clinical assessment Rehabilitation begins with patient assessment and ongoing medical surveillance. The programme should account for…

…heterogeneous, and some patients may benefit from a more individualized selection strategy. When to Initiate Pharmacological Treatment Lifestyle intervention is an essential component of care…

…a result of asphyxia or hypoxia is managed according to the standard CPR algorithm, except that interventions to reoxygenate the patient is of paramount importance…

…procedure should be conducted post intubation. Avoid lavage if gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction is suspected. If the patient is intubated, administer activated charcoal through a…

…of the thrombus. This means that a patient who experienced chest pain at home may be asymptomatic during the assessment in the ER, only to…

…a surgeon The following locations must not be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the appropriate specialty: Location Risk…

…seconds. Case reports have indicated that the risk of high degree AV block and ventricular arrhythmias is greater in patients on digoxin or verapamil, although…

…if the rise is rapid, the patient has symptoms, or the clinical risk is high [1,2]. 1. Perform an ABCDE assessment, attach cardiac monitoring…

…principles of treatment The patient should be managed in an emergency department, an intensive care unit, a coronary care unit or another setting that allows…

…latter. The treatment is also time limited by its very nature: a patient who has not responded within a couple of hours should be intubated…

…Pre hospital logistics Management Recommendation Level of evidence The pre hospital care of STEMI patients should be organized regionally (including all components from the emergency…

…and can guide resuscitative efforts. If the patient presents with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding 4 mmol/l, commence an intravenous fluid resuscitation…

…cases of fatal myocardial infarction were examined. The authors reported that 60–70% of all cases had no myocardial disease or acute coronary syndrome. Indeed…

…high 0 to 30 min Clinical assessment of the focus; check previous culture results, antibiotics, allergies, renal function, health care exposure and the risk of…

…or discomfort An accelerating pattern of angina, with increasing frequency or severity Symptoms that awaken the patient from sleep Clinical assessment must be integrated with…

…the hemodynamic significance of a coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades…

…presenting to an emergency department or contacting primary care first. If ischaemic discomfort persists, emergency medical services should be called. Patients who have been prescribed…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…infrahisian block should be maintained, particularly in older patients and those exhibiting a bundle branch block (BBB) or an intraventricular conduction defect. In severe cases…

…by signs of poor vital organ perfusion or frank shock states. In the specific context of perioperative care in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH…

…pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood…

…by metastasis or invasion from surrounding tissue. Differential Diagnostics There are several differential diagnoses in the case of cardiac masses. The characteristics of the patient…

…been ousted repeatedly from the standard of care for these conditions. However, digoxin is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using…

…stress, such as car accidents, gun violence, threats, or any situation in which the individual's life is (or perceived as it is) in danger…

…diagnosed patients. Reliance on hypokalaemia alone therefore misses a substantial proportion of cases. The cardiorenal and cerebrovascular consequences of unrecognized PA make early case detection…