…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…or other professionals. A physician is always formally responsible for conducting the test. All personnel must be appropriately trained and the laboratory must be equipped…

…or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen…

…treatment that heals venous leg ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and…

…exacerbations and hospital admissions. Current inhaled treatment and adherence. Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism…

…target Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial high…

…a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement is therefore…

…of causing cardiac arrest, is an infrequent occurrence. Hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia are exceedingly rare precipitants of cardiac arrest. Sodium imbalance Neither hyponatremia…

…alae nasi, upper lip) Venous drainage towards the cavernous sinus Surgeon or ENT; often antibiotics Palm, fingers, tendon sheaths Deep compartments and tendon sheaths, loss…

…of both hypovolaemia and venous congestion. 4. Take an urgent panel: creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate or blood gas, calcium, phosphate, glucose and a full…

…protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real. Hypotension and haemodynamic instability. Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis…

…absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment : Aortic dissection with haemopericardium — drainage can increase the bleeding and worsen…

…and an arterial line for prolonged pacing. Venous access, oxygen, suction, airway equipment. Analgesia and sedation: an opioid (morphine or fentanyl) combined with a benzodiazepine…

…oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic alkalosis or an…

…standard formulas. Therefore, while MAP is a valuable indicator of hemodynamic status, it should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical assessments and diagnostic information.

…pressures approaching intrapericardial pressure. The jugular venous waveform typically has a prominent x descent and an absent or markedly reduced y descent. The clinical impact…

…decongestion and overall clinical improvement does not necessarily indicate an adverse outcome. Classification of CKD CKD severity is classified by eGFR and albuminuria. The following…

…normal FFR and CFR are associated with an excellent prognosis, whereas discordant measurements require interpretation in the context of the clinical presentation and other findings…

…other conduction defects. However, in rare instances, it may be due to pre excited atrial fibrillation (i.e. atrial fibrillation with impulses conducted via an…

…ideally be delivered within 5 minutes following the maternal cardiac arrest. Within the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant…

…vasodilating effect reduces preload and afterload, further reducing myocardial workload. 1 The pharmacokinetic profile of levosimendan is modulated by the presence of an active metabolite…

…Yokokawa et al). Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy is presumably the main cause of left ventricular dysfunction among patients with atrial fibrillation and other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Moreover…

…and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent…

… Which drugs, and how many doses, has the patient taken? Is the patient on an inhaled corticosteroid or other anti inflammatory treatment? Previous intensive care…

…a manual manometer, plastic film or a dressing to protect an ulcer, and where needed a photoplethysmograph and a toe cuff. Preparation: The patient must…

…and baseline values An arterial blood gas is the reference method when the question concerns oxygenation, precise ventilation or severe respiratory failure. A peripheral venous…

…7. With titratable intravenous treatment and an unstable course, an arterial line should be considered. The blood pressure must not be dismissed as caused merely…

…Capillary refill is delayed, and venous filling may be reduced. Other possible findings include muscle stiffening and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Pulses are absent…

…and reuptake into cells through a nucleoside transport system. Because of these highly efficient elimination pathways, adenosine has an extremely short elimination half life of…

…A venous blood gas is generally sufficient for the assessment of pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure…

…sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI. QTc prolongation The QT…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease. It combines a structured family history, clinical evaluation, cardiac investigations, genetic counselling and…

…Non HDL C and apoB are secondary targets or risk refining measures, particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes…

…failed fibrinolysis Immediate rescue PCI The 120 minute limit is a ceiling for the choice between primary PCI and fibrinolysis, not an acceptable routine target…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver cirrhosis. Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy…

…and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…Other life threatening cardiopulmonary conditions account for approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential, and…

…pharma" sham? These are actually questions that patients tend to ask nowadays and therefore I will make an effort to clarify the issues. Is high…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…kidneys, or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in…

…and are associated with a greater relative advantage for CABG over PCI in multivessel disease. A British Cardiovascular Intervention Society myocardial jeopardy score is an…

…disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore…

…other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately…

…with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult…

…case the ECG or other examinations suggest left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), one should suspect concomitant right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) if the following ECG criteria are…

…Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An ECG recording…

…and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler is that ultrasound is emitted and…

…Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners…

…on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted in both North American and European…

…other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular (AV) dissociation. Importantly, for the ventricles to have any electrical (and thus pumping) activity at all, an…

…index 15–19 kg/m² 17–22 kg/m² Ideal and dosing weight Drug dosing often requires a weight other than the actual body weight…

…biopsy shows marrow architecture and cellularity. What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots…

…near the eye or on an irregular surface. Petroleum jelly around the lesion to protect the surrounding skin. Eye protection and gloves for the operator…

…exceptions are pregnancy and the period before a urological procedure. A positive urine dipstick in an older patient is difficult to interpret. Skin and soft…