…therapy remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very…

…of ECGs in pediatric patients is slightly different from adults, due to obvious anatomical differences. There are, however, no differences regarding the ECG grid. As…

…the other arm. 2. Ankle pressure. Place the cuff just above the malleoli, with its lower edge about 2 cm above the tip of the…

…and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anatomy of the pericardium The pericardium…

…pillow to place under the shoulders as an alternative to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can…

…washes nitrogen out of the pleural air and speeds resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to…

…Only clinical signs of herniation halt the puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute…

…Other microorganisms, generally, cause subacute endocarditis. Endocarditis can affect native (own) valves and valve prostheses. As always, foreign materials pose a high risk of infection…

…support is given as an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly…

…a therapeutic objective. LDL C as the primary treatment target Current lipid management frameworks place LDL C at the centre of treatment. Lifestyle intervention is…

…Place a field block around the abscess. 3. Make the incision along the skin tension lines and make it long enough — as a rule of…

…although the clinical importance of improved adherence remains dependent on sustained follow up and administration. Clinical indications and place in therapy Inclisiran has been approved…

…Syncope is particularly important as a marker of potentially severe disease. The presence of haemodynamic instability places the patient in the high risk category and…

…diameter of the valve is measured in diastole in apical four chamber view. VTI is obtained in the same view with the sample volume placed…

…fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines…

…similar to the QRS morphology during LBBB. Stimulation in other regions of the ventricle may result in a different QRS morphology. If the lead tip…

…regarded as a cylinder, and the same assumption can be made for the other valves. The area is calculated by measuring the diameter of the…

…how the frequency of reflected sound waves are modified by the direction of movement of the sound source. Figure 1 presents three trumpets; one placed…

…are considered part of the left ventricular cavity. Other dimensions– including atrial dimensions, mitral annulus, aortic annulus, etc –are measured using the blood tissue interface…

…suggestive of myocardial ischemia. It is also recommended that leads V7, V8 and V9 be connected to the patient, as these leads may reveal the…

…sequential activation of the piezoelectric crystals. The crystals are activated from one side to the other, as illustrated in Figure 2. The sequence of activation…

…stabilise first The induction of vomiting has no place in the modern treatment of poisoning. Charcoal also does not bind every poison. With the following…

…is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of…

…apical segments, constituting 30% of myocardial mass. The 17 segment model provides the best agreement with anatomic data, as compared with other segmentation models. Figure…

…virtually all cases. Ventricular tachycardia causes immense strain on the ventricular myocardium, simultaneously as the cause of the arrhythmia already affects cellular function. This results…

…airway) should be established as early as possible. Airway management should not interrupt compressions for more than 5 seconds. The effect of cricoid pressure and…

…marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior…

…of loading, eccentric exercise, an NSAID, an orthosis — has not given a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the…

…ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes…

…and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs of a…

…and are at high risk of a new event. Treatment can be started without interruption as continuation treatment after the initial one year treatment with…

…scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…diagnosis at a non PCI hospital to wire crossing As quickly as possible, primary PCI if the total expected time is 120 minutes or less…

…NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver cirrhosis. Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy…

…administered as soon as possible in the absence of contraindications, using a loading dose followed by maintenance treatment. The source material does not specify the…

…C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression. As the burden of retained…

…affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary…

…operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening is not recommended because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic stenosis is low, screening has…

…Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited discriminatory value. Features suggesting myocardial…

…cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However, association is not the same as causation . A…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator or institutional experience Assessment of coronary complexity The…

…is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective…

…as compared with atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter is not capable of persisting for longer periods of time. This is due to the fact that atrial…

…This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy…

…myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An…

…using two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous…

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…

…three explanations as to why reciprocal ST segment depressions may be absent: There is no ECG lead with the opposite angle of observation. The injury…

…most often not equal (which makes the PR interval appear as varying). Management of third degree AV block Please refer to Management of AV Blocks.

…between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other…

…50 Dose reduction as in the table above for rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible…

…of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other…

…front , and this is why the margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis…

…obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic blood pressure towards 100 to 120 mmHg…

…activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient's…