…recorded causes of cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies. Cause Definition Medical cause Includes cardiac arrest caused by heart disease, other medical…

…target: give the first dose of broad spectrum antibiotics within 60 minutes of triage or arrival. This is supported by international guidelines on neutropenic fever…

…INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point, with a maximum score of 9…

…By reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, it decreases the quantity of cholesterol delivered to the liver. The resulting hepatic response includes increased expression of low density…

…be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper…

…value alone but by the course, urine output, volume status, electrolytes, acid base status and the underlying cause. KDIGO recommends prompt investigation of reversible causes…

…of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before the puncture Swedish practice differs here from several international…

…results are influenced by the fact that the sickest patients are more often intubated [4]. Intubation is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with…

…is characterised by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation causes air trapping and dynamic hyperinflation. The consequences are increased work of breathing…

…but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed…

…out of the pleural air and speeds resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines…

…risk factor [2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely…

…not by the values on admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three…

…during management of another condition, or identified only by implanted or wearable devices as subclinical AF. Some patients have frequent symptomatic episodes, whereas others have…

…in the unit m (meters) and is denoted by the letter λ (lambda) . Note that The International System of Units is used throughout this book…

…ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes…

…Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood…

…and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention of…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This causal relationship is supported by genetic…

…of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source. ATP is produced by…

…heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not recommended [1,5]. STEMI…

…of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so, that are provoked by…

…to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…non HDL C primarily reflect cholesterol content. The amount of cholesterol carried by individual particles varies according to particle size and composition. As a result…

…benefit was accompanied by increased serious gastrointestinal bleeding and a non significant increase in cerebral haemorrhage. Bleeding outcomes The principal harm of aspirin in primary…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions…

…disorder familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), which is caused by genetic mutations affecting the elimination of LDL cholesterol from the blood. Individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia may have…

…Within the ARC HBR framework, HBR is defined by the presence of at least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other…

…and cardiovascular rationale Smoking cessation is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products…

…re entry circuit) and re entry circuits are vulnerable processes that usually self terminate within minutes, hours, or days. In the vast majority of cases…

…cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest…

…1). This is possible by using two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves…

…negative findings. Radiotracers in myocardial perfusion imaging Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium by highlighting regions with reduced blood flow. Radiotracers…

…opposite angle of observation. Other vectors may interfere with the injury currents, and inhibit them from being detected by leads with opposite angles of observation…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…

…at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist…

…governed by the bleeding risk of the procedure and by renal function. In markedly reduced renal function (dabigatran at eGFR <30 mL/min, the other…

…marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific: motor neurone disease, myopathies and Lambert–Eaton syndrome…

…applies where you work. They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick…

…mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…specificity of the symptoms is limited. In a patient with moderate symptoms the physician must judge the likelihood that the symptoms really are caused by…

…A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance…

…tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which…

…treatment — modification of loading, eccentric exercise, an NSAID, an orthosis — has not given a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…volume load becomes pure harm. Dialysis is then the way forward. Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload …

…SOVd} = 1.92 + 0.74 \times \text{BSA} ) Definition of aortic aneurysm Sinus of Valsalva 45 mm. Any other segment 40 mm in diameter…

…6% High risk 5 or more 5.8% Interpretation of ATRIA risk score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist…

…with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently, the CHA₂DS₂ VA score was developed to provide a more accurate risk assessment by omitting…

…3 Interpretation of HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk…