Procedurer Catheterisation is straightforward in most patients and dangerous in a few. The male urethra is about 25 cm long with two curves and a…

…recent years ( Figure 2 ). The chain of survival is only as strong as its weakest link, which means that all components of the chain must…

Cardiology Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Thromboembolism Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and…

…cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) is a rather peculiar and certainly acute condition. Much research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%…

…the morning within a few hours of awakening. Pain is the most common presenting complaint. The pain is deep and visceral, frequently described as heavy…

…most textbooks in the field. However, contemporary data suggest that the current figure is approximately 60%. The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…their use is limited by specific adverse effects. Most of these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…the most promising improvement. 1 Given the wide use of pacemakers and the trend towards increased use of cardiac devices in general, it is crucial…

…Every seven years HPV, with reflex cytology if HPV positive The interval is counted from the most recent sample analysed for HPV. Invitations are sent…

…of attending a lecture given by professor Salim Yusuf of McMaster University. Professor Yusuf is the most cited researcher in cardiovascular medicine, a real giant…

…in recent clinical trials (Rawshani et al). Recommended reading: MetDis Database of Obesity Trials. Obesity and Cardiovascular Outcomes The global burden of obesity is increasingly…

…recent changes in symptoms or signs, with or without ECG abnormalities and with or without an elevation in cardiac troponin. The underlying pathological mechanism is…

…6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as…

…Sudden cardiac arrest is the most lethal manifestation of cardiovascular disease, accounting for 50% of all cardiovascular deaths ( Tsao et al ). A recent meta analysis…

…a patient who is haemodynamically stable enough for there to be time to ask it. Indications Wide complex tachycardia where ventricular tachycardia must be distinguished…

…2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health crisis. It is believed that the virus was transmitted from bats to humans in Wuhan, China…

…ACS is associated with a high risk of platelet driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of…

…the mandate that HFrEF pharmacotherapy must be continued indefinitely even after LVEF normalization. Epidemiology and risk factors The global burden of heart failure is staggering…

…In fact, studies have shown that LBBB is the most common cause of false activations of the catheterization laboratory. LBBB may mask (conceal) ongoing ischemia…

…be calculated or approximated using two dimensional echocardiography. The most widely adopted parameter is the ejection fraction (EF). The concept of ejection fraction was introduced…

…ischemia). Yet, the pain caused by NSTEMI and unstable angina is considerable and most patients are therefore markedly affected. Other symptoms – such as dyspnea, cold…

…particularly prior myocardial infarction (MI), is the most prevalent etiology. The necrotic myocardium is replaced by dense collagenous scar, interspersed with surviving bundles of myocytes…

…e infusion must be aborted if hypotension or bradycardia occurs. A defibrillator should be immediately available as a precaution. Dosage of vernakalant Vernakalant is dosed…

…not afterwards. Indications Medicinal charcoal is given after the ingestion of a potentially toxic dose of a substance that binds to charcoal, when it can…

…The term hypertensive urgency is best avoided. It implies that an asymptomatic rise in blood pressure must be treated urgently, which is not supported by…

…symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a…

…water with a straw if the patient is awake and can swallow. Gloves, an apron, a visor. Suction must be out and working before you…

…INR before the first dose. A raised baseline value suggests liver disease or vitamin K deficiency and must be investigated before treatment is started. 2…

…recent data suggest that clean, well cleaned wounds can be closed later than that, and on the face and scalp — where the blood supply is…

…presence of a carotid bruit is associated with approximately double the risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Management must therefore address both cerebrovascular risk…

…involves the atria, atrioventricular node, accessory pathway and the ventricles. In most cases, the re entry is induced by a premature atrial beat. Atrioventricular reent

…identity immediately before transfusion is the single most important safety measure in the entire chain. In massive haemorrhage a second problem is added: transfusion saves…

…second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil, a soft globe — because a perforated eye must never…

Lungmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Immediate management The most dangerous asthma attack is the silent one. A patient who has become calm, quiet in the chest and…

Procedurer The laryngeal mask is the single most important tool when intubation fails, since it restores oxygenation without requiring a view down into the larynx…

Info Brugada's algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails…

Info This page summarises the most current recommendations for the management of acute coronary syndromes with persistent ST segment elevations (i.e STEMI, ST segment…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Rapid overview Acute dizziness is managed most safely by first establishing the time course and precipitating circumstances , and then selecting a targeted…

…brachial index is the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than it is used…

…Most cardioinhibitory events are due to sinus bradycardia, though transient atrioventricular (AV) block can also occur. The physiologic response to orthostatic stress is incompletely understood…

…the apex. Please note that for most clinicians it is not necessary to be able to determine the direction of the re entry loop. Figure…

…Anatomy of the mitral valve Acute mitral regurgitation Acute mitral regurgitation is relatively rare. The most common causes are as follows: Endocarditis Papillary muscle rupture…

Echocardiography Echocardiography in 2D Two dimensional (2D) ultrasound is the most commonly used modality in echocardiography. The two dimensions presented are width (x axis) and…

…AF is pre existing, newly detected, or newly developed during the acute illness The ventricular rate and its relationship to symptoms and haemodynamic status Whether…

…Definition & Criteria Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a…

…Pathophysiology An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is diagnosed when the abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located below the renal arteries and…

…infarction, especially for septal or free wall rupture. Free wall rupture is more common after fibrinolytic therapy than after PCI in the reported clinical profile…

…is myocardial necrosis involving the right ventricle, most often occurring in association with an inferior left ventricular infarction. At least minor right ventricular necrosis is…

…chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department, as well as in primary…

…being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often…

…min. The base rate is virtually always 50 beats/min, meaning that any heart rate below 50 beats/min is most likely not paced. An…

…declined steadily ever since. The marked decline in death rates and case fatality is most likely explained by successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced…

…On the other hand, sinus bradycardia developing during physical exercise is considered abnormal, because heart rate must increase during exercise. Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias The…

…is recorded in all patients with suspected pericardial disease. In addition to echocardiography, ECG and clinical examination, blood tests and other radiological examinations are most…

…normal variants & pathological variants Sinus tachycardia is the most common tachyarrhythmia (tachycardia). Sinus tachycardia is the result of an increased rate of depolarization (i.e…