…The balloon is filled with sterile water according to the volume printed on the catheter , usually 10 mL in adults. Do not use saline — the…

…recent years ( Figure 2 ). The chain of survival is only as strong as its weakest link, which means that all components of the chain must…

Cardiology Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Thromboembolism Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and…

…cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) is a rather peculiar and certainly acute condition. Much research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%…

…neck. The pain may radiate as high as the occipital area but does not radiate below the umbilicus. It is often accompanied by sweating, nausea…

…most textbooks in the field. However, contemporary data suggest that the current figure is approximately 60%. The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…tract. This process is not dose dependent. Similarly, angioedema occurring in the setting of ACE inhibitor therapy is bradykinin mediated rather than mast cell mediated…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…the most promising improvement. 1 Given the wide use of pacemakers and the trend towards increased use of cardiac devices in general, it is crucial…

…Every seven years HPV, with reflex cytology if HPV positive The interval is counted from the most recent sample analysed for HPV. Invitations are sent…

…Professor Yusuf is the most cited researcher in cardiovascular medicine, a real giant. During his lecture professor Yusuf said that he was not too impressed…

…in recent clinical trials (Rawshani et al). Recommended reading: MetDis Database of Obesity Trials. Obesity and Cardiovascular Outcomes The global burden of obesity is increasingly…

…without an elevation in cardiac troponin. The underlying pathological mechanism is not restricted to a single lesion or process. Although Type 1 MI and acute…

…6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as…

…Sudden cardiac arrest is the most lethal manifestation of cardiovascular disease, accounting for 50% of all cardiovascular deaths ( Tsao et al ). A recent meta analysis…

…a patient who is haemodynamically stable enough for there to be time to ask it. Indications Wide complex tachycardia where ventricular tachycardia must be distinguished…

…2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health crisis. It is believed that the virus was transmitted from bats to humans in Wuhan, China…

…ACS is associated with a high risk of platelet driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of…

…the mandate that HFrEF pharmacotherapy must be continued indefinitely even after LVEF normalization. Epidemiology and risk factors The global burden of heart failure is staggering…

…In fact, studies have shown that LBBB is the most common cause of false activations of the catheterization laboratory. LBBB may mask (conceal) ongoing ischemia…

…be calculated or approximated using two dimensional echocardiography. The most widely adopted parameter is the ejection fraction (EF). The concept of ejection fraction was introduced…

…ischemia). Yet, the pain caused by NSTEMI and unstable angina is considerable and most patients are therefore markedly affected. Other symptoms – such as dyspnea, cold…

…particularly prior myocardial infarction (MI), is the most prevalent etiology. The necrotic myocardium is replaced by dense collagenous scar, interspersed with surviving bundles of myocytes…

…is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial fibrillation ≤3 days duration. Vernakalant does not…

…you decide, not afterwards. Indications Medicinal charcoal is given after the ingestion of a potentially toxic dose of a substance that binds to charcoal, when…

…term hypertensive urgency is best avoided. It implies that an asymptomatic rise in blood pressure must be treated urgently, which is not supported by evidence…

…is acute or chronic. The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must…

…tube may be used before its position has been verified by an approved method, and auscultation is not such a method. Indications Decompression in ileus…

…INR before the first dose. A raised baseline value suggests liver disease or vitamin K deficiency and must be investigated before treatment is started. 2…

…recent data suggest that clean, well cleaned wounds can be closed later than that, and on the face and scalp — where the blood supply is…

…presence of a carotid bruit is associated with approximately double the risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Management must therefore address both cerebrovascular risk…

…involves the atria, atrioventricular node, accessory pathway and the ventricles. In most cases, the re entry is induced by a premature atrial beat. Atrioventricular reent

…single most important safety measure in the entire chain. In massive haemorrhage a second problem is added: transfusion saves no one whose bleeding is not…

…or in the wind. Suspected corneal abrasion. A red eye where the diagnosis is not obvious. Suspected acute glaucoma (tonometry). Contraindications Absolute contraindications to instrumental…

Lungmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Immediate management The most dangerous asthma attack is the silent one. A patient who has become calm, quiet in the chest and…

Procedurer The laryngeal mask is the single most important tool when intubation fails, since it restores oxygenation without requiring a view down into the larynx…

Info Brugada's algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails…

…infarction. IIa B Routine blood sampling for serum markers is indicated as soon as possible in the acute phase but should not delay reperfusion treatment…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

…half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination is therefore not sufficient to exclude stroke [3]. Step 1: classify by time…

…index is the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than it is used — not…

…Most cardioinhibitory events are due to sinus bradycardia, though transient atrioventricular (AV) block can also occur. The physiologic response to orthostatic stress is incompletely understood…

…the apex. Please note that for most clinicians it is not necessary to be able to determine the direction of the re entry loop. Figure…

…Anatomy of the mitral valve Acute mitral regurgitation Acute mitral regurgitation is relatively rare. The most common causes are as follows: Endocarditis Papillary muscle rupture…

Echocardiography Echocardiography in 2D Two dimensional (2D) ultrasound is the most commonly used modality in echocardiography. The two dimensions presented are width (x axis) and…

…in new onset AF should not automatically be labelled type 2 myocardial infarction without further assessment. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation is heterogeneous…

…Definition & Criteria Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a…

…Pathophysiology An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is diagnosed when the abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located below the renal arteries and…

…infarction, especially for septal or free wall rupture. Free wall rupture is more common after fibrinolytic therapy than after PCI in the reported clinical profile…

…is characterized by manifestations of severe right ventricular failure. Typical findings include: Jugular venous distension Kussmaul’s sign Hepatomegaly Hypotension, which may or may not…

…chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department, as well as in primary…

…being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often…

…min. The base rate is virtually always 50 beats/min, meaning that any heart rate below 50 beats/min is most likely not paced. An…

…declined steadily ever since. The marked decline in death rates and case fatality is most likely explained by successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced…

…it should not be considered abnormal. On the other hand, sinus bradycardia developing during physical exercise is considered abnormal, because heart rate must increase during…

…Thus, the pericardium is considered to contribute to the fact that the ventricles are not overfilled in acute volume loads. Pericardial Effusion: fluid in the…

…exceeds 100 beats per minute. Although sinus tachycardia is the most common tachyarrhythmia, it may not always be straightforward to diagnose on the ECG. Moreover…