…burden. Assessment of the size, mass, geometry, and function of the left ventricle is fundamental for the diagnosis and prognosis of most cardiac diseases, including…

…HPV positive The interval is counted from the most recent sample analysed for HPV. Invitations are sent up to and including the age of 70…

…a score of ≥2 (excluding sex) is a Class I indication for OAC. Bleeding Risk Assessment: HAS BLED Score Bleeding risk must be quantified using…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

…ECG criteria designed to identify ischemia in the presence of left bundle branch block. The most widely recognized criteria to date were developed by Sgarbossa…

…trajectory of symptoms should be documented carefully, because these features determine whether the presentation is stable or acutely unstable. Evaluation and Physical Examination Initial assessment…

…wide or narrow complex tachycardia in which the mechanism needs to be documented before referral to an arrhythmia unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine…

…coagulopathy. Severe uncontrolled hypertension. Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and follow up — relative…

…Clinical history and examination are the initial components of assessment. The history should include: previous TIA or stroke; symptoms suggesting current or recent cerebral ischaemia…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…recent oesophageal or gastric surgery Gastric lavage Seizures or an unstable patient — stabilise first The induction of vomiting has no place in the modern treatment…

…amfetamine, other sympathomimetics, herbal remedies and performance enhancing preparations. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and recent intake of tyramine rich food or interacting drugs. Corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors…

…retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient…

…recent years ( Figure 2 ). The chain of survival is only as strong as its weakest link, which means that all components of the chain must…

…acute condition. Much research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with extreme stress, such…

…largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow…

…in most textbooks in the field. However, contemporary data suggest that the current figure is approximately 60%. The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Ischemic heart disease…

…recent years ( Nabel et al, Savarese et al ). This is a paradoxical and worrisome trend, particularly in light of the improvements in the management of…

…recent years ( Nabel et al, Savarese et al ). This is a paradoxical and worrisome trend, particularly in light of the improvements in the management of…

…of transistors, programmable circuits, lithium batteries, and Internet connected devices. Additional breakthroughs have been achieved in recent years, with the leadless pacemaker being the most…

…times as great a risk of sudden cardiac death. For readers interested in recognizing early repolarization, I recommend a recent consensus document written by MacFarlane…

…the article follows: [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle…

…cardiac arrest is the most lethal manifestation of cardiovascular disease, accounting for 50% of all cardiovascular deaths ( Tsao et al ). A recent meta analysis showed…

…cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms…

…SAPT), most often aspirin. In selected patients, P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy may be used as a de escalation strategy after a period of DAPT. The therapeutic…

…most common genetic cause, followed by mutations in LMNA , MYH7 , and TNNT2 [39] . Consequently, current guidelines recommend a 3 generation family history and consideration of…

…in this chapter are in line with recent guidelines (2020) issued by the American Heart Association (AHA), American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the European…

…management strategies informed by recent sub group analyses, registry data, and ongoing clinical trials. 1. Ventricular Tachycardia: Classification, Underlying Etiologies, and Clinical Presentation Classification of…

Info [calc_vernakalant] Indications for vernakalant Vernakalant (Brinavess) is indicated in adults for chemical conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is…

…must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of…

…and a glass of water with a straw if the patient is awake and can swallow. Gloves, an apron, a visor. Suction must be out…

…plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL. The volume matters more than the fluid;…

…management Pre excitation The atrioventricular node and bundle of His are normally the only communication between the atria and the ventricles. The atrial impulse must…

…The decision must be documented and alternatives (iron, tranexamic acid, cell salvage, haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact…

…soft globe — because a perforated eye must never be instrumented, have its pressure measured, or be palpated. Indications A sensation of something in the eye…

Lungmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Immediate management The most dangerous asthma attack is the silent one. A patient who has become calm, quiet in the chest and…

…a person designated to keep time and read out the number of attempts. Laryngeal mask sizes Size Patient weight Maximum cuff volume (air filled mask) : : …

Info Brugada's algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails…

Info This page summarises the most current recommendations for the management of acute coronary syndromes with persistent ST segment elevations (i.e STEMI, ST segment…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

…posterior circulation stroke is the most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause…

Procedurer The ankle brachial index is the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than…

…years with recurrent syncope of unknown etiology. This test should be performed under continuous ECG and blood pressure monitoring and must be avoided in patients…

…the apex. Please note that for most clinicians it is not necessary to be able to determine the direction of the re entry loop. Figure…

…regurgitation Chronic mitral regurgitation causes a gradual volume and pressure overload, such that LVEDP and LAP rise slowly. This leads to compensatory dilatation of chambers…

Echocardiography Echocardiography in 2D Two dimensional (2D) ultrasound is the most commonly used modality in echocardiography. The two dimensions presented are width (x axis) and…

…newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness. The clinical relationship between AF and acute deterioration is often…

…referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect…

…Most AAAs are located below the renal arteries and are related to atherosclerotic disease. At least 90% of AAAs larger than 4 cm are associated…

…include: Older age. Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney…

…pressures are reduced. The central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and systemic circulation. Improvement in left…

…and NSTE ACS has profound implications for management and treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Moreover, clinicians must clarify whether the ECG was recorded…

…ECG diagnosis and management Atrial fibrillation is the most common abnormal tachyarrhythmia (only sinus tachycardia is more common). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation correlates strongly…

…min is most likely not paced. An intrinsic heart rate faster than the base rate should inhibit the pacemaker. P waves The appearance of the…

…which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one killer in Western and…

…are dedicated to their diagnosis and management. The recommendations presented throughout this section align with the guidelines issued by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)…

…the etiology, may be more or less echogenic. It is important to estimate the volume, echogenicity and location of the effusion. Regarding the location, an…

…than previously thought and the condition may hamper the quality of life substantially. The management of sinus tachycardia is aimed at finding secondary causes that…