…burden. Assessment of the size, mass, geometry, and function of the left ventricle is fundamental for the diagnosis and prognosis of most cardiac diseases, including…

…HPV positive The interval is counted from the most recent sample analysed for HPV. Invitations are sent up to and including the age of 70…

…a score of ≥2 (excluding sex) is a Class I indication for OAC. Bleeding Risk Assessment: HAS BLED Score Bleeding risk must be quantified using…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

…ECG criteria designed to identify ischemia in the presence of left bundle branch block. The most widely recognized criteria to date were developed by Sgarbossa…

…trajectory of symptoms should be documented carefully, because these features determine whether the presentation is stable or acutely unstable. Evaluation and Physical Examination Initial assessment…

…wide or narrow complex tachycardia in which the mechanism needs to be documented before referral to an arrhythmia unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine…

…coagulopathy. Severe uncontrolled hypertension. Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and follow up — relative…

…Clinical history and examination are the initial components of assessment. The history should include: previous TIA or stroke; symptoms suggesting current or recent cerebral ischaemia…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

Prepare for clinical practice and the Cardiology Board Exam with our comprehensive quiz, designed based on the most recent AHA, ACC, and ESC guidelines. The…