Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside first described by William Withering in 1775, is the oldest pharmacologic agent in the heart…

…The risk categories are: 10 year ASCVD risk Category <5% Low 5% to <7.5% Borderline 7.5% to <20% Intermediate ≥20% High Management should…

…pulse pressure suggests a low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple and validated marker of perfusion Lactate < 1.6 mmol/L…

…Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red) ECG morphs in lead aVL (adapted from Obermeyer et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low…

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy…

…recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is a high risk patient even with normal ST segments…

…from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]…

…hypoglycaemic disorder is defined primarily by Whipple's triad : 1. Symptoms or signs consistent with hypoglycaemia. 2. A documented low plasma glucose during the symptoms…

…halve before the creatinine leaves the reference range, because the relationship is hyperbolic. In people with a low muscle mass — the elderly, the undernourished, amputees…

…angina 1 month Pneumothorax 1 month after resolution Pulmonary embolism, until anticoagulated and stable An individual assessment Eye, ear, abdominal or thoracic surgery 1 month…

…in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick, low cost, and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of…

…stroke (Table 1). Interpretation of the CHA₂DS₂ VA score CHA₂DS₂ VA Score Risk Category Annual Stroke Risk (%) 0 Low 0.2 1 Low 0.6…

…Their clinical importance arises from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine…

…PCSK9 synthesis decreases circulating PCSK9, increases the availability of hepatic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) receptors at the cell surface, and thereby enhances removal…

…and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary…

…SGLT2 is a high capacity, low affinity transporter situated in the S1 and S2 segments of the renal proximal tubule. It accounts for approximately 90…

…and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very…

…including laypeople. As shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness…

…symptoms suggestive of CAD. SPECT imaging is recommended as the initial study in patients with low to moderate risk of CAD. In patients with a…

…to gradual prolapse of the valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation in low and middle income countries…

…Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Male Age : 43 years History : None Medications : None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia…

…CPR) should be performed per standard guidelines. Cardiac arrests due to trauma are characterized by very low survival rates. In the nationwide Swedish Registry for…

…hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention, reduced consciousness, or when NIV is…

…by contrast, develops over hours to days [1,2]. Six steps Step Question Practical interpretation : : : 1 Is the pH low or high? pH <7.35…

…by contrast, is not a contraindication; the specimen may be taken even at very low platelet counts, followed by compression. Infection in the skin overlying…

…Marked Short, 8–12 hours Prednisolone 5 mg Moderate Intermediate, 12–36 hours Methylprednisolone 4 mg Low Intermediate Betamethasone 0.6 mg None Long, 36…

…2.5 mm tall Right atrial enlargement P wave in V1 Terminal negative component 1 mm × 40 ms Left atrial enlargement Low voltage QRS <…

…Atrial flutter, which often converts at low energy and is difficult to terminate pharmacologically. Ectopic atrial tachycardia or SVT that has not been terminated by…

…available. Do not then try "by feel" — refer to ENT. Relative — a low threshold for referral: Marked swelling or inflammation around the object. A small…

…and the right needle length. Indications Route Typical drugs Absorption : : : Intramuscular (IM) Vaccines, depot antipsychotics, hydroxocobalamin, adrenaline in anaphylaxis, ceftriaxone, ferric carboxymaltose Rapid, 10–20…

…high dose Adrenaline, low dose Dopamine, intermediate dose Isoproterenol Dopamine, low dose Dobutamine Levosimendan Amrinone Milrinone Nitroglycerin Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each…

…kg/h Lactate Falling A clearance 10 % per 2 h is a reasonable target ScvO₂ 70–80 % A low value suggests inadequate oxygen delivery Capillary…

…ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a fasted patient at low risk of aspiration. A conduit for fibreoptically assisted…

…is suspected when the FVC is low with a normal or high ratio. Reversibility: an increase in FEV₁ or FVC of 10 % of the predicted…

…always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low voltage on the ECG…

…miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability and a low energy mechanism, and a neurovascularly…

…patient category 27.5 mm/m 2 Turner syndrome 40 mm • Patients with mutations in TGFBR1, TGFBR2 or Loes Dietz syndrome, who have low BSA…

…inhibition of glycine conjugation. Pregnancy Low doses (up to 100 mg/day): Clinical studies suggest doses up to 100 mg/day appear safe but req

…History of any prior bleeding (1 point) Hypertension: History of hypertension (1 point) Score 1 year risk of bleeding Low risk 0 3 0.8…

…74 years Sex category (female) Calculate Score CHA2DS2 VASc Score Result function calculateScore() { var score = 0; if (document.getElementById('congestiveHeartFailure').checked) { score += 1…

…Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or…

…risk (1 point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low…

…Table 1. Drug manual for inotropes and vasopressors Drug Indications Dose α1 effect β1 effect β2 effect D1/D2 effect Result Side Effects Dopamine low…

…to reduce cardiovascular risk. 1. Assess Prior Treatment • No prior treatment, low dose, or low intensity lipid lowering therapy: • Start high potency, high dose statin…

…in the SYNTAX trial, patients with high scores had significantly higher mortality and MACE rates compared to those with low scores. Monitor Quality of Care…

…5–10% of cases. Intermediate high risk PE occurs in haemodynamically stable patients with both RV dysfunction on imaging and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Intermediate low…

…fat, and skin, with myocardial concentrations reaching 10 to 50 times those found in plasma. Plasma clearance is low, renal excretion is negligible, and doses…

…with an estimated 10 year cardiovascular risk of 10%. Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal myocardial infarction with low dose aspirin. Approximately 12% reduction in…

…when the sinus rate is extremely low—such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after…

…or low pulse pressure, an elevated jugular venous pressure with a paradoxical rise on inspiration (Kussmaul sign), and a difficult to palpate apex beat [10…

…characteristics. In the general population, the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 70% is low, reported as 0–3.1%. In contrast, within…

…10%, although some series report 10–20%. Other life threatening cardiopulmonary conditions account for approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively low…

…against interleukin 1β, provided proof of concept but was not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose…

…is low. In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, even mild baseline renal dysfunction is associated with worse outcomes. The risk of death at 1 year…

…Radiation exposure depends on the protocol and scanner; CAC scanning is associated with a particularly low dose, approximately 1–2 mSv, while contemporary combined coronary…

…medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel…