Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside first described by William Withering in 1775, is the oldest pharmacologic agent in the heart…

…The risk categories are: 10 year ASCVD risk Category <5% Low 5% to <7.5% Borderline 7.5% to <20% Intermediate ≥20% High Management should…

…pulse pressure suggests a low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple and validated marker of perfusion Lactate < 1.6 mmol/L…

…Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red) ECG morphs in lead aVL (adapted from Obermeyer et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low…

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy…

…recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is a high risk patient even with normal ST segments…

…from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]…