…vomiting, generalized malaise, and visual disturbances such as altered color perception and halo vision. Cardiac toxicity presents as various arrhythmias, ranging from bradycardias related to…

…categories are: 10 year ASCVD risk Category <5% Low 5% to <7.5% Borderline 7.5% to <20% Intermediate ≥20% High Management should incorporate the…

…3.9–5.3 cm 4.2–5.8 cm Wall thickness (septum, posterior wall) ≤ 0.9 cm ≤ 1.0 cm Left atrial volume index ≤…

…Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red) ECG morphs in lead aVL (adapted from Obermeyer et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low…

…1%. The drug also lowers hsCRP. In a population of individuals unable or unwilling to take statins, bempedoic acid 180 mg daily produced approximately 21…

…clinical disease. HeFH affects approximately 1 in 250–300 people and is the most common inherited metabolic disorder associated with premature cardiovascular disease. Prevalence is…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy…

…equipment Cycle ergometer with a braked, workload controlled resistance; 12 lead ECG with continuous recording; automated or manual blood pressure measurement. Resuscitation trolley with defibrillator…

…from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]…

…hypoglycaemic disorder is defined primarily by Whipple's triad : 1. Symptoms or signs consistent with hypoglycaemia. 2. A documented low plasma glucose during the symptoms…

…start of dialysis < 0.3 mL/kg/h for ≥ 24 h, or anuria ≥ 12 h Other kidney related values The fractional excretion of sodium …

…glycopyrronium) 36–48 hours Smoking 1 hour Vigorous physical exertion 30 minutes A large meal 2 hours Withholding applies only to diagnostic spirometry with a…

…as it serves as a quick, low cost, and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers…

…Table 1). Interpretation of the CHA₂DS₂ VA score CHA₂DS₂ VA Score Risk Category Annual Stroke Risk (%) 0 Low 0.2 1 Low 0.6 2…

…Their clinical importance arises from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…LDL C goal below 1.0 mmol/L (<40 mg/dL) may be considered. The cited recommendations describe recurrence within 2 years in some clinical…

…PCSK9 synthesis decreases circulating PCSK9, increases the availability of hepatic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) receptors at the cell surface, and thereby enhances removal…

…Patients already taking low or moderate intensity statins should have treatment intensified. The 2025 ACS guideline recommendations include: High intensity statin therapy for all patients…

…SGLT2 is a high capacity, low affinity transporter situated in the S1 and S2 segments of the renal proximal tubule. It accounts for approximately 90…

…and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very…

…Thus, for laypeople, examinations 1 and 2 are sufficient to confirm a cardiac arrest. All 3 examinations are recommended for medical professionals. Evaluation of skin…

…other methylxanthines, which antagonize adenosine receptors, should be avoided for at least 12 hours before testing. Dobutamine : Contraindicated in patients with severe hypertension, unstable angina…

…wall stress, which can be alleviated by ventricular hypertrophy and dilation: Wall stress = (Pressure LV × radius LV ) / (2 × WT LV ) LV = left ventricle;…

…10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock. ECG 12 . Sinus rhythm. ECG 13 . Recurring VT. ECG 14…

…characterized by very low survival rates. In the nationwide Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, the 30 day survival for traumatic cardiac arrest is 2.5%…

…viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution, but often no definite trigger can be identified [1,2]. Ask specifically about: Onset and time course. Increased…

…by contrast, develops over hours to days [1,2]. Six steps Step Question Practical interpretation : : : 1 Is the pH low or high? pH <7.35…

…by contrast, is not a contraindication; the specimen may be taken even at very low platelet counts, followed by compression. Infection in the skin overlying…

…Hydrocortisone (cortisol) 20 mg Marked Short, 8–12 hours Prednisolone 5 mg Moderate Intermediate, 12–36 hours Methylprednisolone 4 mg Low Intermediate Betamethasone 0.6…

…in II 2.5 mm tall Right atrial enlargement P wave in V1 Terminal negative component 1 mm × 40 ms Left atrial enlargement Low voltage…

…risk factors; cardioversion between 24 and 48 hours without ongoing anticoagulation is then reserved for patients with a CHA₂DS₂ VA score of 0–1. Check…

…in the mouth. Nose 1. Ask the patient to blow the nose gently. Clear mucus with suction without pushing the object backwards. 2. Apply the…

…10–20 min Subcutaneous (SC) Insulin, low molecular weight heparin, GLP 1 analogues, methotrexate, biological agents, adrenaline (second choice) Slower, 20–30 min Intradermal (ID…

…Beta 1 adrenergic receptors: expressed in the myocardium. Activation results in increased contractility and increased chronotropy (heart rate). Beta 2 adrenergic receptors: expressed in vascular…

…day 3–4 Protein 1.2–2.0 g/kg/day Enteral nutrition Started within 48 h where possible Thromboprophylaxis Low molecular weight heparin unless…

…mask) : : : 1 under 5 kg 4 mL 1.5 5–10 kg 7 mL 2 10–20 kg 10 mL 2.5 20–30 kg…

…Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂ <…

…liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment : : : : Subxiphoid 1–2 cm below and to the left

…miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability and a low energy mechanism, and a neurovascularly…

…patient category 27.5 mm/m 2 Turner syndrome 40 mm • Patients with mutations in TGFBR1, TGFBR2 or Loes Dietz syndrome, who have low BSA…

…Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin). Patients with gastrointestinal disorders…

…bleeding (1 point) Hypertension: History of hypertension (1 point) Score 1 year risk of bleeding Low risk 0 3 0.8% Intermediate risk 4 2…

…else if (score == 1) { interpretation = "Low moderate risk (1.3%) for stroke; consider oral anticoagulant or aspirin."; } else if (score == 2) { interpretation…

…Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or…

…troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low 2.5 2 Intermediate…

…Table 1. Drug manual for inotropes and vasopressors Drug Indications Dose α1 effect β1 effect β2 effect D1/D2 effect Result Side Effects Dopamine low…

…dL): No change. • If LDL C ≥ 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): Add PCSK9 inhibitor (Class I recommendation). 2. Reassessment After 4–6 Weeks…

…patients into low, intermediate, and high risk categories. Clinical applications The SYNTAX Score is primarily used to: Guide Revascularization Strategy : Patients with low scores (≤22)…

…potentially severe disease. The presence of haemodynamic instability places the patient in the high risk category and requires urgent evaluation for reperfusion treatment. Evaluation and…

…265 days. Interpatient variability mandates close clinical monitoring. The onset of action depends on the route of administration. Intravenous (IV) amiodarone generally acts within 1…

…Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal myocardial infarction with low dose aspirin. Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal ischaemic stroke in trials specifically evaluating this…

…when the sinus rate is extremely low—such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after…

…and amyloidogenesis [9, 19]. More than 130 disease causing variants have been described [12]. Wild type ATTR (ATTRwt): A sporadic, age related disease characterized by…

…characteristics. In the general population, the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 70% is low, reported as 0–3.1%. In contrast, within…

…Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently…

…against interleukin 1β, provided proof of concept but was not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose…

…is low. In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, even mild baseline renal dysfunction is associated with worse outcomes. The risk of death at 1 year…

…Radiation exposure depends on the protocol and scanner; CAC scanning is associated with a particularly low dose, approximately 1–2 mSv, while contemporary combined coronary…

…medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel…