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Digoxin: Dosing, Therapeutic Range and Toxicity Management

…vomiting, generalized malaise, and visual disturbances such as altered color perception and halo vision. Cardiac toxicity presents as various arrhythmias, ranging from bradycardias related to…

LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

…categories are: 10 year ASCVD risk Category <5% Low 5% to <7.5% Borderline 7.5% to <20% Intermediate ≥20% High Management should incorporate the…

Circulatory and haemodynamic parameters

…3.9–5.3 cm 4.2–5.8 cm Wall thickness (septum, posterior wall) ≤ 0.9 cm ≤ 1.0 cm Left atrial volume index ≤…

A new ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death

…Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red) ECG morphs in lead aVL (adapted from Obermeyer et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…1%. The drug also lowers hsCRP. In a population of individuals unable or unwilling to take statins, bempedoic acid 180 mg daily produced approximately 21…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…clinical disease. HeFH affects approximately 1 in 250–300 people and is the most common inherited metabolic disorder associated with premature cardiovascular disease. Prevalence is…

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Indications, Efficacy and Access

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

Biventricular hypertrophy ECG and clinical characteristics

…dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy…

Exercise stress test on cycle ergometer

…equipment Cycle ergometer with a braked, workload controlled resistance; 12 lead ECG with continuous recording; automated or manual blood pressure measurement. Resuscitation trolley with defibrillator…

Hypertensive crisis: quick reference for acute blood pressure lowering

…from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]…

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