…very low density lipoprotein and chylomicron remnants. It is calculated as: Non HDL C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration…

…normally 950–1150 mL/min Haemodynamic profiles in shock Type CO SVR CVP/PCWP ScvO₂ : : : : : : : : : Hypovolaemic ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ Cardiogenic ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓…

…morphology, which replaces the sharp negative S wave seen in the low risk beat — the previously undescribed biomarker identified by the deep learning model. Predicting…

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely…

…recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is a high risk patient even with normal ST segments…

…damage. Conversely, a rapid rise in blood pressure from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute…

…part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory result…

…halve before the creatinine leaves the reference range, because the relationship is hyperbolic. In people with a low muscle mass — the elderly, the undernourished, amputees…

…The quality of the test determines its entire value: a poorly performed manoeuvre gives a falsely low FVC and thus a falsely normal FEV₁/FVC…

…in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick, low cost, and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of…

…risk in women based solely on gender. This aims to prevent unnecessary anticoagulation in low risk female patients, thereby reducing the potential for bleeding complications…

…Their clinical importance arises from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…of cholesterol delivered to the liver. The resulting hepatic response includes increased expression of low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), which enhances removal of circulating LDL…

…PCSK9 synthesis decreases circulating PCSK9, increases the availability of hepatic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) receptors at the cell surface, and thereby enhances removal…

…and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary…

…in the source material are canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin; sotagliflozin is a related dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor. SGLT2 is a high capacity, low affinity transporter…

…and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very…

…shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness. Although BLS is…

…symptoms suggestive of CAD. SPECT imaging is recommended as the initial study in patients with low to moderate risk of CAD. In patients with a…

…valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation in low and middle income countries. Rheumatic heart disease typically results…

…fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation, fine (low amplitudes). ECG 6 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse. ECG 7 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse…

…CPR) should be performed per standard guidelines. Cardiac arrests due to trauma are characterized by very low survival rates. In the nationwide Swedish Registry for…

…hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention, reduced consciousness, or when NIV is…

…respiratory disturbance, by contrast, develops over hours to days [1,2]. Six steps Step Question Practical interpretation : : : 1 Is the pH low or high? pH…

…sterile gauze. Local anaesthetic: lidocaine 10 mg/mL, usually 5–10 mL, with a longer needle so that the periosteum can be infiltrated generously — it…

…at any dose Low Can be stopped straight away 3 weeks, prednisolone < 5 mg/day Low to moderate Can usually be stopped without a…

…V1 Terminal negative component 1 mm × 40 ms Left atrial enlargement Low voltage QRS < 5 mm in the limb leads or < 10 mm…

…Atrial flutter, which often converts at low energy and is difficult to terminate pharmacologically. Ectopic atrial tachycardia or SVT that has not been terminated by…

…live insect As soon as possible — kill it first; the patient is in great distress Organic material (peas, beans) The same day — it swells when…

…see the table), a syringe of the correct size, a sharps bin. For vaccination: adrenaline 1 mg/mL, an antihistamine, oxygen, and the ability to…

…high dose Adrenaline, low dose Dopamine, intermediate dose Isoproterenol Dopamine, low dose Dobutamine Levosimendan Amrinone Milrinone Nitroglycerin Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each…

…output 0.5 mL/kg/h Lactate Falling A clearance 10 % per 2 h is a reasonable target ScvO₂ 70–80 % A low value suggests…

…ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a fasted patient at low risk of aspiration. A conduit for fibreoptically assisted…

…cannot be established with spirometry alone, but is suspected when the FVC is low with a normal or high ratio. Reversibility: an increase in FEV₁…

…Sterile gown and gloves, chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, a large fenestrated drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, 25 G and 21…

…miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability and a low energy mechanism, and a neurovascularly…

…who have low BSA or severe extra aortic features 45 mm • Patients who are undergoing aortic valve surgery • Patients with Marfan syndrome who have additional…

…g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin). Patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min)…

…in women (3 points) Severe Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min or dialysis dependent (3 points) Age ≥75 years: (2 points)…

…decisions on anticoagulation Men Women Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is…

…Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or…

…Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low 2.5 2 Intermediate 5.3 3 Intermediate 8.4 4…

…IM: (1:1000): 0.1 to 0.5 mg (max 1 mg) Safe for peripheral use +++++ ++++ +++ N/A Beta effect more pronounced at low doses…

…4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL) to reduce cardiovascular risk. 1. Assess Prior Treatment • No prior treatment, low dose, or low intensity lipid lowering therapy…

…in the SYNTAX trial, patients with high scores had significantly higher mortality and MACE rates compared to those with low scores. Monitor Quality of Care…

…elevated cardiac biomarkers. Intermediate low risk PE includes stable patients who are not low risk but have either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither…

…5 µg/mL at the cost of increased toxicity risk. In routine clinical practice, amiodarone plasma levels are rarely useful, as myocardial concentration—which correlates…

…estimated 10 year cardiovascular risk of 10%. Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal myocardial infarction with low dose aspirin. Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal…

…when the sinus rate is extremely low—such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after…

…in their mid 60s or older [10]. Physical examination may reveal a normal or low pulse pressure, an elevated jugular venous pressure with a paradoxical…

…the general population, the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 70% is low, reported as 0–3.1%. In contrast, within selected high…

…20%. Other life threatening cardiopulmonary conditions account for approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential…

…not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose methotrexate did not reduce cardiovascular outcomes, and several other agents…

…with relatively normal renal function, defined in the source material as eGFR above 60 mL/min, the risk is low. In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary…

…air has very low attenuation, and blood and myocardium have intermediate values. Iodinated contrast increases the attenuation of the blood pool and permits delineation of…

…The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel or ticagrelor…

…rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output. Its primary clinical utility…