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LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

…very low density lipoprotein and chylomicron remnants. It is calculated as: Non HDL C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration…

Circulatory and haemodynamic parameters

…normally 950–1150 mL/min Haemodynamic profiles in shock Type CO SVR CVP/PCWP ScvO₂ : : : : : : : : : Hypovolaemic ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ Cardiogenic ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓…

A new ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death

…morphology, which replaces the sharp negative S wave seen in the low risk beat — the previously undescribed biomarker identified by the deep learning model. Predicting…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Indications, Efficacy and Access

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

Biventricular hypertrophy ECG and clinical characteristics

…left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely…

Exercise stress test on cycle ergometer

…recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is a high risk patient even with normal ST segments…

Hypertensive crisis: quick reference for acute blood pressure lowering

…damage. Conversely, a rapid rise in blood pressure from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory result…

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