…small, smooth or transparent object lying posteriorly or superiorly. Attempts already made and failed elsewhere. A child who cannot be kept still without sedation. Suspected…

…rested lying down for at least 10 minutes in a room at a comfortable temperature — a cold foot gives falsely low pressures. No smoking or…

…years without diabetes and with LDL C between 70 and 189 mg/dL, 10 year risk of a first hard ASCVD event—fatal or nonfatal…

…in a ventilated patient in sinus rhythm without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability …

…morphology, which replaces the sharp negative S wave seen in the low risk beat — the previously undescribed biomarker identified by the deep learning model. Predicting…

…lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be tolerated or when LDL C remains above goal…

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely…

…to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms Individual assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with outflow tract obstruction Caution Tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia Rate control first Blood pressure 200/110…

…damage or not? A single blood pressure value does not define a hypertensive emergency. Even a blood pressure above 220/120 mmHg can occur without…

…person without diabetes, a hypoglycaemic disorder is defined primarily by Whipple's triad : 1. Symptoms or signs consistent with hypoglycaemia. 2. A documented low plasma…

…EPI 2021 (creatinine) The first choice for eGFR in adults Cystatin C based eGFR With an atypical muscle mass, or to confirm a creatinine based…

…cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its entire value: a poorly performed manoeuvre gives a falsely low FVC and thus…

…in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick, low cost, and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of…

…risk in women based solely on gender. This aims to prevent unnecessary anticoagulation in low risk female patients, thereby reducing the potential for bleeding complications…

…when triglycerides are elevated, LDL C is very low, or cardiometabolic abnormalities make LDL C an incomplete representation of atherogenic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms…

…Inclisiran, with or without statin therapy Approximately 50% reduction The absolute reduction depends on the pretreatment LDL C concentration and the accompanying lipid lowering regimen…

…was consistent in patients with and without diabetes. A pooled analysis of studies involving patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia or ASCVD found an LDL C…

…before planned percutaneous coronary intervention when feasible. Patients already taking low or moderate intensity statins should have treatment intensified. The 2025 ACS guideline recommendations include…

…established cardiovascular disease or high cardiovascular risk T2DM with chronic kidney disease Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), with or without diabetes Heart failure…

…and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very…

…cardiac arrest In case of a collapse (out of hospital or in hospital) the first task is to determine if a cardiac arrest has occurred…

…with low to moderate risk of CAD. In patients with a high to very high risk of CAD, invasive coronary angiography is the first line…

…valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation in low and middle income countries. Rheumatic heart disease typically results…

…fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation, fine (low amplitudes). ECG 6 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse. ECG 7 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse…

…Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of evident hemorrhage, potential etiologies to…

…3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention, reduced consciousness, or when NIV is being considered. 4. Give…

…develops over hours to days [1,2]. Six steps Step Question Practical interpretation : : : 1 Is the pH low or high? pH <7.35 is acidaemia…

…Severe coagulopathy or ongoing anticoagulation — correct this first . Thrombocytopenia, by contrast, is not a contraindication; the specimen may be taken even at very low platelet…

…doses or an infusion Suspected adrenal crisis Give the corticosteroid immediately. Do not wait for laboratory results. Take a serum cortisol and ACTH first only…

…mm × 40 ms Left atrial enlargement Low voltage QRS < 5 mm in the limb leads or < 10 mm in the chest leads Pericardial…

…of unknown duration without anticoagulation can cause a stroke hours to weeks later. Everything else in the procedure is routine. Synchronised cardioversion or unsynchronised defibrillation…

…adrenaline in anaphylaxis, ceftriaxone, ferric carboxymaltose Rapid, 10–20 min Subcutaneous (SC) Insulin, low molecular weight heparin, GLP 1 analogues, methotrexate, biological agents, adrenaline (second…

…with inotropic and vasopressor effects, and they often need to be combined in order to optimise or correct the haemodynamics. Most agents exert both vasopressor…

…possible Thromboprophylaxis Low molecular weight heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45° Stress ulcer prophylaxis During mechanical ventilation, in coagulopathy, or with a…

…third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for example severe ARDS, marked obesity or a stiff chest wall. Glottic or subglottic…

…asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation…

…despite medical treatment. Diagnostic drainage in suspected purulent pericarditis, tuberculosis or malignancy. Tamponade is a clinical diagnosis supported by echocardiography: Finding Comment : : Hypotension, distended neck…

…Inadequate analgesia or sedation — the procedure must not then be started. Radiography before reduction A radiograph is taken before reduction in a first time dislocation…

…TGFBR2 or Loes Dietz syndrome, who have low BSA or severe extra aortic features 45 mm • Patients who are undergoing aortic valve surgery • Patients with…

…Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin). Patients with gastrointestinal disorders…

…Score 1 year risk of bleeding Low risk 0 3 0.8% Intermediate risk 4 2.6% High risk 5 or more 5.8% Interpretation…

…consider no antithrombotic therapy."; } else if (score == 1) { interpretation = "Low moderate risk (1.3%) for stroke; consider oral anticoagulant or aspirin."; } else if…

…A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or higher indicates high risk of…

…Components of the HEMORR₂HAGES Score The acronym HEMORR₂HAGES represents the following parameters: H epatic or renal disease (1 point) E thanol abuse (1 point) M…

…low doses. Alpha effect pronounced at higher doses. Coronary flow enhanced. Pulm vasoconstriction. Increased pulmonary blood flow. Ventricular arrhythmias Severe hypertension resulting in cerebrovascular hemorrhage…

…1. Assess Prior Treatment • No prior treatment, low dose, or low intensity lipid lowering therapy: • Start high potency, high dose statin therapy (Class I recommendation)…

…standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables…

…Low risk PE is characterized by clinical low risk features, negative cardiac biomarkers, and no imaging evidence of RV dysfunction. Catastrophic or “supermassive” PE refers…

…and incompletely absorbed after oral administration, with systemic bioavailability ranging from 25% to 65% and minimal hepatic first pass extraction. Following a single oral dose…

…with low dose aspirin. Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal ischaemic stroke in trials specifically evaluating this outcome. No demonstrated reduction in cardiovascular or all…

…to bradycardia management involves identifying and treating any underlying conditions or reversible causes. The first step in treating sinus bradycardia is to discontinue any medications…

…low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1, 5, 10]. A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without…

…operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening is not recommended because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic stenosis is low, screening has…

…abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency…

…therapy alongside standard treatment. Interleukin 1β inhibition Canakinumab reduced inflammatory biomarkers without affecting lipids or other major coronary risk factors. In patients with previous…

…difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease…

…an initial test for diagnosing CAD in stable patients with: Low clinical likelihood or no previous diagnosis of CAD Characteristics suggesting that good quality imaging…

…is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel or ticagrelor. This strategy reflects the substantial…