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Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…4 0 for the trunk and limbs. Haemostasis: aluminium chloride solution 20–35 %, ferric subsulfate, electrocoagulation. A pot of 4 % formalin, and for immunofluorescence Michel…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…digital block Anaesthetise from the dorsal aspect, one injection medial and one lateral to the base of the phalanx, 2–3 mL on each side…

Principles and Preparations for Echocardiographic Examinations

…heart rate, ECG. References Narula et al: Time to Add a Fifth Pillar to Bedside Physical Examination: Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation, and Insonation. JAMA Cardiology.

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…inspection of the legs and feet. A systolic blood pressure difference between the arms exceeding 15 mmHg is associated with a 50% higher risk of…

Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

…Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia (< 50 ×10⁹/L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression…

Soft tissue corticosteroid injection

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…of dyspnoea, cough and sputum in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection…

Cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)

…individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly, COVID 19 has caused an unprecedented number of severe and deadly infections among young and apparently…

Management and treatment of AV block (atrioventricular blocks)

…bradycardia is caused by beta blockers. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) α and β agonist Infusion of 2–10 μg/min (titrate as needed). T½ 5 min…

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