…exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment…

CPR Pneumothorax Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in…

…local practice Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax…

…or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of any nail bed laceration Contraindications There are no…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

…should include: palpation of peripheral pulses; auscultation for carotid, femoral, and abdominal bruits; bilateral brachial blood pressure measurement; cardiac auscultation; inspection of the legs and…

…transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample without a speculum. Routine gynaecological examination of asymptomatic…

…poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution…