…of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow. The resulting ischaemia threatens skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves…

…myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…particularly in iatrogenic aortic injury. Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared…

…many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…ICU is the preferred level of care for the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for stable (hemodynamically and respiratory) and fully conscious patients…

…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

…is part of the treatment itself. Indications Salicylate poisoning with symptoms or a rising serum concentration. Alkalinisation increases renal elimination several fold and at the…

…accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral…

…Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions…

…rate. Within the context of acute coronary syndromes, particularly ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), ischemic injury can disrupt the conduction system at any level, producing…

…Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and brain…

…to the arterial obstruction: Buttock, hip or thigh symptoms suggest aortoiliac disease. Calf symptoms are typical of femoropopliteal disease. More distal disease may cause foot…

…ischaemic myocardial injury may coexist, and certain disease entities can span both categories; for example, acute heart failure may occur in the context of acute…

…evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis. It is distinguished from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and…

…Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

…in other reports. It is more frequent in women and in patients presenting with NSTEMI than in those presenting with STEMI. Approximately one third of…

…also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular…

…liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The R value = (ALT / upper limit of normal…

…the efficacy of diuretics and antihypertensives. Risk of acute kidney injury increases when combined with ACE inhibitors. Corticosteroids and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal…

…and endothelial or myocardial injury. Antithrombotic therapy may reduce embolization of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury…

…biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific for myocardial injury. Elevated levels of cardiac troponins is firm evidence of myocardial necrosis (i.e infarction…

…Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS…

…and imaging technique. Coronary fistulae represent abnormal communications between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber or vessel. Other congenital anomalies include anomalous origin of…

…aortic syndrome, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe pre eclampsia or eclampsia. The blood pressure is often at least 180/120 mmHg, but no…

…Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated…

…segment depression is a common and early electrocardiographic sign of acute pericarditis, reflecting pericardial involvement overlying the atria [4, 5]. Other Differential Diagnoses ST segment…

…transmural ischemia. On the other hand, leads V1–V3 (occasionally V4) may detect the injury currents and present them as ST segment depressions. These depressions…

…macrophages, neurons and other tissues. This distribution helps explain why PA produces cardiovascular injury beyond its effects on blood pressure and potassium balance. The principal…

…Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate from the tunica media into the intima, driven by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and other cytokines. Within the intima…

…injury currents are not strong enough to be detected on leads with opposite angle of observation. Other vectors may interfere with the injury currents, and…

…or at least four drinks for women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism…

…inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only by the epicardial obstruction but also by the vulnerability of the…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…better alternative. Follow up At an eGFR below 60, or in the presence of albuminuria: check the potassium, calcium, phosphate, PTH, haemoglobin and bicarbonate , review…

…resolution does not consistently permit identification of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well…

…closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with…

…Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of TiTrATE, in…

…high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation, aggregation, and fibrin formation. Within a…

…transmural ischemia. On the other hand, leads V1–V3 (occasionally V4) may detect the injury currents and present them as ST segment depressions. These depressions…

…skin tension lines and make it long enough — as a rule of thumb, along the whole length of the abscess or at least half its…

…if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open…

…function and drug concentration Gentamicin and other aminoglycosides A single dose initially. If treatment is continued, dosing is guided by drug concentration measurement. At a…

…or unsecured airway in a patient with a reduced level of consciousness Gastric lavage Corrosive injury or suspected oesophageal perforation Gastric lavage Petroleum products Gastric…

…documented before and after every attempt at reduction — otherwise it is impossible to determine afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or…

…and release from an early cytosolic pool have all been associated with detectable troponin. High sensitivity assays may therefore identify a continuum of myocardial injury…

…The extent of myocardial injury is strongly influenced by total ischaemic time. This interval includes: The time from symptom onset to recognition and seeking medical…

…injury must be coupled with clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. The Fourth Universal Definition classifies MI into five distinct subtypes based on pathophysiology and…

…are no means of determining what phase the patient is in. The three phases following a sudden cardiac arrest were described by Weisfeldt and Becker …

…nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause of wound infection is retained contamination, not poor suture technique — and…

…to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass and Diet: Serum creatinine levels, a key component of the MDRD equation…

…ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury…

…the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed…

…With a suspected chemical injury the priorities are reversed: irrigate first , for at least 30 minutes, and measure the pH in the conjunctival sac before…

…about 30 minutes of continuous convulsive activity, t2, the risk of permanent neuronal injury increases. Treatment must therefore start at 5 minutes and be escalated…

…A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute kidney injury may be at greater immediate risk than a…

…a large bore cannula in a suitable vein). Standby access in a patient at risk of rapid deterioration. Intraosseous access: Cardiac arrest where venous access…

…injury. The syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic dysfunction. Associated abnormalities may include increased apoB and…