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Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…and inhibits excitatory glutamate signalling, in part via NMDA receptors. With prolonged alcohol exposure the nervous system adapts through reduced GABA mediated inhibition and increased…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…this first . Thrombocytopenia, by contrast, is not a contraindication; the specimen may be taken even at very low platelet counts, followed by compression. Infection in…

Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients with anginal symptoms and unobstructed or non obstructive coronary arteries, possible…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…complex in I and aVL as well as qR complex in III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of…

The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…complex in I and aVL as well as qR complex in III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of…

Coronary Artery Disease

…ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . Chronic Coronary Syndromes (CCS) Coronary artery disease is a progressive but dynamic disease. The majority of individuals in high income…

Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, Management

…ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . Chronic Coronary Syndromes (CCS) Coronary artery disease is a progressive but dynamic disease. The majority of individuals in high income…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors; smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader assessment of peripheral…

The T-wave: physiology, variants and ECG features

…the baseline, regardless of whether its other parts are above the baseline. T wave inversions are frequently misunderstood, particularly in the setting of ischemia. Normal…

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