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Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…ventilation–perfusion matching, increased physiological dead space and the Haldane effect. It is therefore misleading to explain the whole phenomenon as abolition of the patie

Cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…some kind of damage to native (own) valves is required to become vulnerable and contaminated by bacteria . Infections are difficult to heal because the heart…

Wound suturing

…limit is not the clock but the degree of contamination, the depth and site of the wound, and how well the wound can be cleaned …

Central venous catheter

…of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of ultrasound throughout the puncture, and…

Endotracheal intubation

…and shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff, a cuff manometer. A laryngeal mask of the correct size as a rescue airway, and surgical…

Pleural aspiration and chest drain

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response. A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ dysfunction must…

Common laboratory tests

…0 mmol/L Triglycerides < 1.7 mmol/L 10 carries a risk of pancreatitis Cardiac markers and coagulation Test Reference Comment : : : High sensitivity troponin…

Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

…Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample…

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