…cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and…

…associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of…

…one injection medial and one lateral to the base of the phalanx, 2–3 mL on each side, with the needle tip directed volarly until…

…many times the flow of a fine needle, and collapsed veins mean that the fine needle is in addition the only one that will go…

…face and then parallel to the floor of the nose in one smooth movement — never obliquely upwards towards the eye. 3. Expand it with 5…

…passages and choose the more patent one. Ask the patient about a previous nasal fracture or unilateral nasal obstruction. 2. Measure the depth of insertion…

…products and contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the…

…and assess the effect before the next one is given. The serious incidents almost always arise when the principle of titration is abandoned — when a…

…glans and meatus with the cleansing solution in circular movements from the centre outwards. Change the swab between strokes. 3. Instil 10–20 mL of…

…Suspected base of skull fracture or marked coagulopathy argues against the nasal route; the oral route may then be considered. Preparation and equipment A 12…

…is CCS, usually with recurrent angina. Approximately one fifth of clinically recognized ISR presentations are ACS. ISR may occasionally be associated with myocardial infarction. The…

…pressure measured, or be palpated. Indications A sensation of something in the eye, watering, photophobia and redness after working with a grinder, a drill, a…

…be established. Nasopharyngeal airways may cause complications in patients with skull fractures (risk of intracranial malposition of the tube) or coagulopathy (risk of bleeding). An…

…A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the…

…been associated with the Brugada syndrome. These mutations are located in genes encoding potassium and calcium channels of the outer cell membrane. Clinical presentation of…

…SCD — one defined entirely from the ECG, without echocardiography. They then stress tested the model against multiple outcome definitions and validated it, with no fine…

…and the patient must leave with clear information about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to…

…hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay…

…high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation, aggregation, and fibrin formation. Within a…

…The defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of persistent ST segment elevation. This does not imply low risk: patients with NSTE ACS may have substantial…

…seeking is associated with older age, female sex, Black race, lower socioeconomic or uninsured status, a history of angina or diabetes, and consultation with relatives…

…fms like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor ratio ≥40 is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia with severe features during the subsequent two weeks…

…oxygen supply and demand, which is not related to acute coronary atherothrombosis. By definition, acute atherothrombotic plaque disruption is not a feature of Type 2…

…segment elevations that mimic acute myocardial infarction. Acute pericarditis is a primary differential diagnosis and presents with distinct characteristics compared to transmural ischemia [4, 5]…

…leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate more closely with abnormal LV mechanical function and the potential benefit of resynchronization pacemaker therapy [7]. R Wave Peak…

…Rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six months during ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of new…

…present with chest pain, severe breathlessness, hypoxaemia, rales, or respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may…

…whereas loss of function variants are associated with protection from cardiovascular disease. Pharmacological PCSK9 inhibition increases the effective availability of hepatic LDL receptors and thereby…

…relative and absolute reductions in four component major adverse cardiovascular events. The reported hazard ratio was 0.83, with a 95% confidence interval of 0…