…etc. Most cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less…

…associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of…

…An open fracture of the distal phalanx with a subungual haematoma — manage it as an open fracture. The anatomy of the nail apparatus The terminology…

…patient must leave with clear information about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to be treated…

…limb with paresis or marked swelling. A vein suspected of thrombosis or previously thrombophlebitic. Intraosseous access (absolute, for the bone in question): A fracture of…

…nose, a vomit bowl, tissues, and a glass of water with a straw if the patient is awake and can swallow. Gloves, an apron, a…

…and contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the bleeding…

…with correctly performed compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the nasal bone instead of…

…10 mL with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10…

…the middle of the sternum. The depth is usually around 30–40 cm. Mark the measurement on the electrode. 5. Anaesthetise the pharynx with lidocaine…

…hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay…

…Grasp the eyelashes, press gently downwards on the upper border of the tarsal plate with a cotton bud, and at the same time fold the…

…retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient…

…Factors associated with restenosis The risk of restenosis after metallic stent implantation is increased by: Small reference vessel size A small post procedural luminal diameter…

…injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation, aggregation, and fibrin formation. Within a stented segment, thrombus may also develop because of disturbed…

…be established. Nasopharyngeal airways may cause complications in patients with skull fractures (risk of intracranial malposition of the tube) or coagulopathy (risk of bleeding). An…

…The defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of persistent ST segment elevation. This does not imply low risk: patients with NSTE ACS may have substantial…

…Presentation and Symptoms The characteristic symptom prompting activation of the STEMI pathway is ischaemic type chest discomfort, although dyspnoea may also be a presenting feature…

…fms like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor ratio ≥40 is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia with severe features during the subsequent two weeks…

…of acute or chronic heart failure are often better categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type 2 MI frequently present with…

…A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the…

…leads generally indicates very severe ischemia [15]. A key distinguishing feature of ischemic ST elevation is the presence of prominent reciprocal ST depression [4]. Furthermore…

…leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate more closely with abnormal LV mechanical function and the potential benefit of resynchronization pacemaker therapy [7]. R Wave Peak…

…Prevention of recurrence after a healed venous ulcer. After deep vein thrombosis with post thrombotic syndrome. Differential diagnosis Feature Venous ulcer Arterial ulcer Diabetic foot…

…BP ≥180/110 mmHg with acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ…

…Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the target remains unmet despite maximally tolerated statin therapy and ezetimibe. For patients with a recurrent atherothrombotic event while…

…the reduction in a subgroup with diabetes was approximately 19.1%. The drug also lowers hsCRP. In a population of individuals unable or unwilling to…

…Brugada syndrome. This disorder is easy to diagnose with a simple blood test and the ST segment elevations resolve after normalization of potassium levels. Brugada…

…occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction tool currently exists. At the other end, roughly two thirds of ICDs implanted…