…cast split only through the plaster layer does not relieve the pressure. Common splints and casts Injury Immobilisation Comment : : : Distal radius fracture, acute Dorsal backslab…

…Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the arm is held in slight abduction and external…

…medium for most adults, long for thick soft tissue and for the head of the humerus. A pressure bag or a 50 mL syringe with…

…stricture or a known diverticulum Relative Recent nasal or pharyngeal surgery Signs that should raise the suspicion of a base of skull fracture: periorbital bruising…

…The pinch is applied to the lower third of the nose, the soft part , and held continuously for at least 10 minutes without letting go…

…is given. The serious incidents almost always arise when the principle of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a…

…the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil…

…Jaw thrust is preferred if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other…

…minute or so, that are provoked by a change of position — turning over in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom…

…angiogenic signalling. A central biochemical feature is an imbalance between antiangiogenic and angiogenic factors. Placental production of soluble fms like tyrosine kinase 1 increases, whereas…

…Feature Venous ulcer Arterial ulcer Diabetic foot ulcer : : : : Site Gaiter area, above the medial malleolus Toes, heel, lateral malleolus, pressure points Beneath the metatarsal heads…

…dose of a statin, defined as atorvastatin less than 10 mg daily or an equivalent dose of another statin. Approximately 45% of participants had type…

…suddenly never had an ejection fraction measured before death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden…

…dislodgement, lead fracture or inadequate myocardial contact. It may also be due to the low amplitude (voltage) of the potentials generated by activated myocardium. Functional…

…as an open fracture. The anatomy of the nail apparatus The terminology is hard to follow without a picture, and several of the steps below…

…major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and the simultaneous delivery of red cells, plasma and platelets. Observational data from…

…surgery of the nose, pharynx or oesophagus. Marked nausea, anxiety or communication difficulties that prevent the patient from cooperating. Suspected base of skull fracture or…

…often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major…

…impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient. Perioperatively and postoperatively in longer procedures…

…Stent fracture or collapse Residual edge dissection Incomplete lesion preparation Persistent stenosis within the treated segment Mechanical factors are particularly important because correction of the…

…crush technique, stent fracture or collapse Lesion specific angiographic features Residual dissection at a stent margin, impaired flow into or out of the stent, stent…

…a high probability of unstable angina (UA), and patients whose initial findings are less definitive. The defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of persistent ST…

…Presentation and Symptoms The characteristic symptom prompting activation of the STEMI pathway is ischaemic type chest discomfort, although dyspnoea may also be a presenting feature…

…plaque disruption is not a feature of Type 2 MI. The pathophysiology of Type 2 MI is fundamentally distinct from that of Type 1 MI…

…leads generally indicates very severe ischemia [15]. A key distinguishing feature of ischemic ST elevation is the presence of prominent reciprocal ST depression [4]. Furthermore…

…LBBB) Electrocardiographic Criteria and Characteristics Left bundle branch block is characterized by a significant reorganization of the activation and recovery patterns within the left ventricle…

…beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…the most distinguishing feature was the characteristic ST segment elevations in leads V1–V3. Prevalence and genetics of Brugada syndrome The prevalence of Brugada syndrome…