…5. Ask the patient to flex the head forward and swallow repeatedly , preferably with sips of water if swallowing is safe. Advance the tube in…

…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

…in three lengths: short for children and slim limbs, medium for most adults, long for thick soft tissue and for the head of the humerus…

…to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and of vascular injury; always an orthopaedic surgeon, and usually general anaesthesia…

…The pinch is applied to the lower third of the nose, the soft part , and held continuously for at least 10 minutes without letting go…

…depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given for the pain…

…gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor function, pulses and capillary refill…

…pressure measured, or be palpated. Indications A sensation of something in the eye, watering, photophobia and redness after working with a grinder, a drill, a…

…Jaw thrust is preferred if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other…

…mechanism of preeclampsia remains incompletely established. Proposed contributors include chronic uteroplacental ischaemia, an exaggerated maternal inflammatory response, and disturbed angiogenic signalling. A central biochemical feature…

…Feature Venous ulcer Arterial ulcer Diabetic foot ulcer : : : : Site Gaiter area, above the medial malleolus Toes, heel, lateral malleolus, pressure points Beneath the metatarsal heads…

…of participants had type 2 diabetes. Over a median follow up of 40.6 months, the time averaged LDL C difference between bempedoic acid and…

…suddenly never had an ejection fraction measured before death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden…

…cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and…

…as an open fracture. The anatomy of the nail apparatus The terminology is hard to follow without a picture, and several of the steps below…

…uncontrolled source of bleeding. Minimise the time to surgery, endoscopy, an obstetric procedure or angiographic intervention. Summon anaesthesia, the operating specialty, the blood bank and…

…Suspected base of skull fracture or marked coagulopathy argues against the nasal route; the oral route may then be considered. Preparation and equipment A 12…

…hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay…

…catheter is not easier to pass. With a difficult passage it is the shape of the tip and the technique that matter, not the calibre…

…Stent fracture or collapse Residual edge dissection Incomplete lesion preparation Persistent stenosis within the treated segment Mechanical factors are particularly important because correction of the…

…of acute myocardial infarction Procedural and mechanical Stent underexpansion, incomplete wall apposition, residual inflow or outflow disease, edge dissection, overlapping stents, crush technique, stent fracture…

…diagnosis of NSTE ACS and a high probability of unstable angina (UA), and patients whose initial findings are less definitive. The defining electrocardiographic feature is…

…activation of the STEMI pathway is ischaemic type chest discomfort, although dyspnoea may also be a presenting feature. The source material emphasizes that patients and…

…oxygen supply and demand, which is not related to acute coronary atherothrombosis. By definition, acute atherothrombotic plaque disruption is not a feature of Type 2…

…Diagnosis of ST Elevation Several nonischemic conditions can produce ST segment elevations that mimic acute myocardial infarction. Acute pericarditis is a primary differential diagnosis and…

…The following table summarizes the common diagnostic criteria for complete and incomplete LBBB: Feature Complete LBBB Incomplete LBBB QRS Duration $\ge 120$ msec [3…

…In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation…

…target is not achieved. Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the target remains unmet despite maximally tolerated statin therapy and ezetimibe. For patients with a…

…the most distinguishing feature was the characteristic ST segment elevations in leads V1–V3. Prevalence and genetics of Brugada syndrome The prevalence of Brugada syndrome…