…the following immediately: 1. Call for help using the words massive haemorrhage , and state the patient's location and identity, the presumed cause of bleeding…

…the bone in question): A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a major injury proximal to the puncture site. A joint prosthesis or…

…cochlear implant Relative The contralateral side of the septum already cauterised — bilateral cautery carries a risk of perforation Anterior packing: Suspected base of skull fracture…

…dislocation. Immobilisation of a ligament injury, a tendon injury, or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture…

…pass through a fracture in the cribriform plate into the cranium Absolute Corrosive injury of the oesophagus or stomach after ingestion of a caustic substance…

ECG Pacemaker malfunction, troubleshooting and ECG Conventional surface ECG can reveal the following types of pacemaker dysfunction: Failure to capture (FTC) , which means that the…

…with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of the…

…or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of any nail bed laceration Contraindications There are no…

…undiluted syringe of 10 mg/mL makes small adjustments impossible. Procedure Intravenous titration in acute severe pain Practical points during titration: Give the injection slowly…

…range of about 15–40 Hz , and adjust the gain so that the atrial deflections are clear without clipping. 4. Estimate the depth of insertion…

…often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major…

…the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil…

…impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient. Perioperatively and postoperatively in longer procedures…

…rather than by negative remodelling. Pathophysiology Neointimal hyperplasia The principal mechanism of ISR is neointimal hyperplasia following vessel wall injury. PCI and stent implantation produce…

…first year after stenting, although the risk is higher after treatment of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and following complex PCI. Stent thrombosis remains…

…be established. Nasopharyngeal airways may cause complications in patients with skull fractures (risk of intracranial malposition of the tube) or coagulopathy (risk of bleeding). An…

…a high probability of unstable angina (UA), and patients whose initial findings are less definitive. The defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of persistent ST…

…Presentation and Symptoms The characteristic symptom prompting activation of the STEMI pathway is ischaemic type chest discomfort, although dyspnoea may also be a presenting feature…

…angiogenic signalling. A central biochemical feature is an imbalance between antiangiogenic and angiogenic factors. Placental production of soluble fms like tyrosine kinase 1 increases, whereas…

…plaque disruption is not a feature of Type 2 MI. The pathophysiology of Type 2 MI is fundamentally distinct from that of Type 1 MI…

…A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the…

…leads generally indicates very severe ischemia [15]. A key distinguishing feature of ischemic ST elevation is the presence of prominent reciprocal ST depression [4]. Furthermore…

…The following table summarizes the common diagnostic criteria for complete and incomplete LBBB: Feature Complete LBBB Incomplete LBBB QRS Duration $\ge 120$ msec [3…

…4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and a culture taken without clinical suspicion leads only…

…beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…skeletal muscle, a pharmacological feature that may limit muscle related toxicity despite bempedoic acid acting within the same broad cholesterol synthesis pathway as statins. The…

…dyspnea (10%). The major ECG findings in ARVC are T wave inversion in V1–V3 (in the absence of right bundle branch block); virtually all…

…the difference in R wave amplitude, note the slurred terminal portion of the R wave in the high risk morphology, which replaces the sharp negative…