Procedurer A cast should hold the fracture still and do nothing else. The two ways in which casting harms the patient are that it is…

…placed in the oesophagus at the right level therefore records atrial depolarisation with an amplitude the surface ECG can never achieve, and makes it visible…

…8. Document the diagnosis and communicate it at every handover. Recognise it Core criteria Core criterion Meaning : : Acute onset The change has developed over hours…

…The neurovascular status must be documented before and after every attempt at reduction — otherwise it is impossible to determine afterwards whether a nerve injury was…

…stent or at its margins after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It is a PCI related myocardial infarction when angiography or autopsy documents thrombosis and the…

…Beta blockade, a pacemaker and autonomic neuropathy can at the same time mask the expected tachycardia. Aids to assessment The shock index is calculated as…

…titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10 mg/mL makes small adjustments impossible. Procedure…

…the tourniquet 10–15 cm proximal to the intended puncture site, let the arm hang, ask the patient to pump with the hand, and pa

…workload is heavy, or as a substitute for mobilisation and bladder training. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected urethral injury — blood at the meatus, a perineal…

…bleeding. Raise the chair so that the patient's nose is at your eye level. The patient sits upright and tilts the head forwards , not…

…patient is positioned at the slit lamp with the forehead against the band and the chin in the rest. Support your working hand against the…

…it as an open fracture. The anatomy of the nail apparatus The terminology is hard to follow without a picture, and several of the steps…

…fracture or unilateral nasal obstruction. 2. Measure the depth of insertion by laying the tube from the tip of the nose to the earlobe and…

…BMS). Clinical ISR is generally defined by recurrent symptoms or ischaemic events attributable to renarrowing within the stented segment or at its margins. Angiographic restenosis…

…require new ST elevation in at least two contiguous leads [8, 10]. The specific voltage thresholds vary based on patient age, sex, and lead location…

…This helps explain the neurological manifestations of preeclampsia and the potential for stroke even at blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately…

…compression may be applied at all, and if so at what pressure. Palpable foot pulses are not an acceptable substitute, and in patients with diabetes…

…The following table summarizes the common diagnostic criteria for complete and incomplete LBBB: Feature Complete LBBB Incomplete LBBB QRS Duration $\ge 120$ msec [3…

…the initial ECG and clinical presentation. For suspected NSTE ACS, the immediate clinical questions are: Is there a very high risk feature requiring emergency angiography…

…entails appreciable cost and procedural risk, the risk benefit balance depends almost entirely on the capacity to identify, prospectively, those individuals genuinely at risk of…

…of 13,970 patients at high cardiovascular risk who were unable or unwilling to take statins. Approximately 70% were in secondary prevention and 30% in…

…dL) , and A reduction of at least 50% from baseline . The treatment sequence is generally: High intensity statin therapy at the highest tolerated dose. Addition…

…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

…are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders…

CPR This chapter discusses interventions and evaluations performed during advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS). While basic life support (BLS) can be delivered by virtually anyone…

…myocardial oxygen supply and demand, which is not related to acute coronary atherothrombosis. By definition, acute atherothrombotic plaque disruption is not a feature of Type…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and Pathophysiology A hypertensive emergency is severe blood pressure elevation accompanied by acute hypertension mediated target organ damage (HMOD). The European…

…although dyspnoea may also be a presenting feature. The source material emphasizes that patients and families should be educated to recognize chest discomfort or dyspnoea…

…Brugada syndrome. This disorder is easy to diagnose with a simple blood test and the ST segment elevations resolve after normalization of potassium levels. Brugada…