…abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of treatment effect and of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease…

…with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk has been documented across a broad range of conditions…

…ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction …

…be considered. Effective lipid lowering improves survival and reduces cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease irrespective of the baseline cholesterol concentration. Intensive statin…

…atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The broader therapeutic principle is that LDL C reduction is associated with cardiovascular benefit regardless of the…

…that requires careful differentiation from ischemic heart disease [1], [2]. 1. Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD) Pain Characteristics: GERD is listed as a differential diagnosis for chest…

…is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into the coronary artery walls; indeed, atherosclerosis is a disease in which the immune system elicits…

…°C. The outer limit of the ice front is only at 0 °C — the lethal temperature lies some way inside the visible ice front , and…

…per particle or unit of cholesterol than LDL cholesterol. Clinical implications High Lp(a) is independently associated with first and recurrent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events…

…neutrophil chemotaxis toward inflammatory sites. Its cardiovascular effects therefore appear to reflect modulation of vascular inflammation rather than lipid lowering. Other anti inflammatory strategies have…

…exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood. Tissue factor within the plaque and tissue factor bearing microparticles contribute to activation of coagulation…

…heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the…

Info A comprehensive list of conditions and drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…with pre existing cardiovascular disease/cardiac arrest Solu Cortef HYDROCORTISONE SODIUM SUCCINATE HYDROCORTISONE SODIUM SUCCINATE Heart Damage wp less elevation of blood pressure mild Calcium…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…density lipoprotein and chylomicron remnants. It is calculated as: Non HDL C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of circulating…

…Their clinical importance arises from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…absolute contraindications, but be cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration…

…at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status…

…High intensity statin therapy remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease…

…low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD…

…synthesis and hepatocellular lipid accumulation consequently increase, with variable inflammation and oxidative stress. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease affects approximately 10% of non obese…

…clarify the issues. Is high cholesterol levels a true cause of coronary artery disease? First of all, don't confuse various lipids, since they are…

…a large change in TSH. During acute illness the TSH can be falsely low or high in the absence of thyroid disease; repeat it once…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…before starting. A complete medication list including over the counter drugs, herbal remedies and supplements. An assessment of bleeding risk and the risk of falls;…

…measure of CAD complexity, the SYNTAX Score helps standardize treatment protocols and improve clinical decision making. Strengths and limitations The SYNTAX Score's strength lies…

…background therapies 17%–25% In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately…

…with established coronary disease found fewer cardiovascular events with Mediterranean dietary interventions than with low fat control diets. In one trial of patients with previous…

…severe primary HTG, whether specialist lipid assessment is required. A comprehensive cardiovascular assessment should include review of modifiable risk factors and associated disease. The supplied…

…4.0 million deaths worldwide, with more than two thirds—roughly 67%—of these fatalities resulting from cardiovascular disease (CVD). 1 While BMI remains the…

…Lip GY. Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182,678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study…

…Lip GY. A novel user friendly score (HAS BLED) to assess 1 year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart…

…capacity, while risk factor treatment and lifestyle modification reduce the burden of recurrent coronary risk. Nutritional counselling, smoking cessation, blood pressure and lipid management, and…

…lies in its association with: Increased cardiovascular disease risk; Greater risk of myocardial infarction; Increased risk of stroke; Increased risk of end stage renal disease…

…table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above…

…an exhaustive list of such agents. Resistant hypertension Resistant hypertension is not regarded as a discrete disease; rather, it is an indicator of increased cardiovascular…

…structural heart disease, and diabetes [1]. Although TdP and subsequent sudden death are rare, the arrhythmia is precipitated by an extensive list of "torsadegenic" or…

…arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is usually a progressive disease. Complications of atrial fibrillation and…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…Olshansky B, Lane DA, Lip GYH. Comparison of bleeding risk scores in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the AFFIRM trial. J Intern Med . 2018…

…stent disease is driven predominantly by tissue accumulation within the stented segment rather than by negative remodelling. Pathophysiology Neointimal hyperplasia The principal mechanism of ISR…

…sex Low body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment…

…Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material does not provide a detailed list of physical examination findings or a specific examination sequence…

…fatty liver disease. Interpretation of the Agatston Score The score should be interpreted both by its absolute value and in relation to age and sex…

…chronic lung disease, hypothyroidism, and amyloidosis. Furthermore, ongoing ischemia, hypomagnesemia, and moderate to severe renal impairment increase the likelihood of digitalis intoxication even at therapeutic…

…up and staging of lymphoma and myeloma. Suspected bone marrow metastasis. Assessment of treatment response and measurement of residual disease (MRD). Fever of unknown origin…

…is given. The serious incidents almost always arise when the principle of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a…

…60%–70% of cases. The ascending aorta is involved in about 30% and the arch in approximately 10%. Because the haematoma lies close to the…

…related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin or soft tissues over the puncture site — use another approach or refrain. Bacteraemia without suspicion of joint…

…to close to the plane of the skin and advance a further 1–2 mm so that the catheter tip also lies in the lumen…

…acromion . The injection site lies 2–3 fingerbreadths (about 5 cm) below the lower border of the acromion , in the middle of the muscle belly…

…infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid…

…However, in cases of rapid AVNRT or in patients with underlying structural heart disease, the arrhythmia may result in symptoms indicative of reduced cardiac output…

…Recent studies on COVID 19 and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular implications of COVID 19 have been elucidated in recent studies from China and Italy (1–5…

…serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, in the first place, an echocardiographic examination is done. With echocardiography, good conditions…