…and proteoglycans [6] . This matrix forms a fibrous cap that sequesters the highly thrombogenic lipid core from the flowing blood. While atherosclerosis progresses indolently and…

…plaques possess a massive necrotic lipid core and a highly inflamed fibrous cap measuring less than 65 micrometers in thickness. Macrophage derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)…

…asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation…

…commonly, retrograde. Distal re entry tears may allow blood to return to the true lumen, whereas disruption of the adventitia can result in rupture. An…

…pupils, an altered breathing pattern, a rising blood pressure with bradycardia. A known or suspected intracranial space occupying lesion with mass effect and midline shift…

…Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood…

…Pulmonary oedema calls for the former, a COPD exacerbation with carbon dioxide retention for the latter. The treatment is also time limited by its very…

…tachypnoea, cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low…

…a fan, paracetamol, cold infusions. A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs for sedation, analgesia and control of…

…ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow…

…and/or the coronary microcirculation. These abnormalities may produce a transient mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood supply, resulting in myocardial hypoperfusion or…

…In contrast, plaque erosion tends to occur in vessels with little or no lipid core, rich proteoglycans, and many smooth muscle cells, leading to a…

…volumes of blood before ventricular contraction commences. To coordinate these two tasks, the heart has an electrical conduction system composed of specialized myocardial cells (henceforth…

…ultrasound gel, a blood pressure cuff of the correct size (the width should correspond to about 40 % of the circumference of the limb), a manual…

…spray starts. Let the tissue thaw completely between cycles — it is the freeze–thaw–freeze cycle that causes cell death, not the cold alone. The…

…amputation. The decisive step is therefore not the choice of dressing but the ankle brachial index before the first bandage is applied . Indications Venous leg…

…decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure — COPD…

…joint. Known hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No…

…early on does not exclude major bleeding. In acute blood loss, plasma and red cells are lost simultaneously, which means the haemoglobin can be normal…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995;30:16975…

…In such instances, favorable neurological outcomes are possible even with prolonged periods of no blood flow, due to the reduced metabolic rate that accompanies declining…

…elevated troponin levels), whereafter the condition is classified as ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) . The thrombus causing STE ACS is located proximally in the coro

…a partial occlusion results in a reduction of coronary blood flow and this causes subendocardial ischemia (i.e ischemia that only affects the subendocardium). STEMI…

…less reliable in the hypoglycaemic range. Poor peripheral circulation, cold fingers, sampling errors and contamination can give erroneous values. If the measured value does not…

…falling PaO2 Circulation A systolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or less, a MAP below 65 mmHg, delayed capillary refill, cold or mottled skin Metabolism…

…Continuous assessment of ischemia, ventricular function, blood pressure, and signs of shock. A coronary dissection that extends into the media or adventitia can compromise the…

…Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation and equipment Material Comment : : Stockinette Innermost against…

…that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its entire value…

…IV 8 days including oral step down Hospital acquired pneumonia, severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics…

…interpretation').innerHTML = "Interpretation: " + interpretation; // Show the bootstrap card with the result and interpretation document.getElementById('score_card').style.display = "block"; } function getInterpretation(score) { …

…s: " + fridericia + " msec " + "Framingham's: " + framingham + " msec " + "Hodges': " + hodges + " msec " + "Rautaharju's: " + rautaharju + " msec"; $(' qtc result').html(resultText); $(' result card').css('display', 'block'); })…

…a more personalized risk assessment. Key Variables in SYNTAX Score II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of…

…Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis)…

…caused by pre excitation. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Contraindications Asthma and COPD. Adenosine has caused mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used…

…2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and…

…propagated and reflected . Red waves represent sound waves that are generated when the vocal cords vibrate. Blue waves represent sound waves reflected by the object…

…and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections…

…service. Contraindications An expressed refusal by the deceased — in the donation register, on a donor card, or through statements made to the next of kin…

Akutsjukvård Psykiatri Lathundar Delirium in older adults: quick reference A quick reference for ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work…

…be taken at the next regular time. Use with caution in patients with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea has been reported in patients…

…cells, fibroblasts and extracellular matrix beneath the endothelium. Plaques that are particularly prone to rupture characteristically contain: a large lipid rich core; abundant foam cells…

…lipid laden foamy macrophages accumulate within the neointima. It may be accompanied by necrotic core formation and calcification. Neoatherosclerosis can contribute to both ISR and…

…the device has been recently interrogated and whether any malfunction has been identified. Information should be obtained from the device identification card, the medical record…

…Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis)…

…Atrial tachycardia. Causes of ectopic atrial tachycardia and ectopic atrial rhythm Side effect of digoxin. Heart failure. Lung disease (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, etc). Ischemic heart…

…confuse acute pericarditis and STEMI. This is further complicated by the fact that acute myocarditis may cause elevated troponin levels (myocardial cells may die as…