…and proteoglycans [6] . This matrix forms a fibrous cap that sequesters the highly thrombogenic lipid core from the flowing blood. While atherosclerosis progresses indolently and…

…plaques possess a massive necrotic lipid core and a highly inflamed fibrous cap measuring less than 65 micrometers in thickness. Macrophage derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)…

…asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation…

…commonly, retrograde. Distal re entry tears may allow blood to return to the true lumen, whereas disruption of the adventitia can result in rupture. An…

…pupils, an altered breathing pattern, a rising blood pressure with bradycardia. A known or suspected intracranial space occupying lesion with mass effect and midline shift…

…Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood…

…Pulmonary oedema calls for the former, a COPD exacerbation with carbon dioxide retention for the latter. The treatment is also time limited by its very…

…tachypnoea, cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low…