…The bottom line, however, is of direct clinical relevance and states that increased afterload results in a slower relaxation. Any condition leading to increased afterload…

…circulatory flow arrest. No flow time : The duration (minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow there is no cerebral perfusion and…

…on the ceiling of care. Signs of a serious condition Finding Significance : : Inability to speak in full sentences Marked work of breathing Use of accessory…

…pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic…

…with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest is high and…

…electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. Conduction through the AV node is intentionally slow (due to the low concentration of gap junctions in…

…Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses and their characteristic pain patterns based on the provided context. Condition Typical Pain…

…all cases of STE ACS lead to myocardial infarction (elevated troponin levels), whereafter the condition is classified as ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) . The thrombus…

…real world examples of the conditions, or provided too few tests to result in any clinical proficiency. The best ECG books and the most frequently…

…that specific lead vector [3]. When the direction of cardiac activation is parallel to the lead axis, the recorded voltage is maximal; conversely, when the…

…in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic, the condition is…

…Management of AV blocks aims to restore atrioventricular conduction either pharmacologically or by means of artificial pacemakers. Both methods may be used in the acute…

…from start of atrial activation (depolarization) to start of ventricular activation (depolarization). The PR interval reflects whether impulse conduction from the atria to the ventricles…

…to 15 min Ringer's acetate for hypotension or hypoperfusion, usually 500 mL as a rapid bolus, and a smaller bolus where the risk of…

…any population (up to 90% of males aged 40 years or younger display this). Hence, the authors have confused a completely benign condition (male/female…

…and by feel nail spicules are left behind — which is the commonest cause of recurrence. Indications Condition Procedure : : Acute paronychia with fluctuance or visible pus…

…Physical inability to perform the test safely. Relative: Condition Comment : : Left main stenosis Known — perform the test only on a clear indication and with full…

…condition may be transient. Pericardiotomy can be curative, which is why it is important to detect the disease early in the course. Hemodynamic effects of…

…survival reflects the sudden and hyperacute nature of the condition. This has prompted researchers to develop strategies and tools for long term prevention of cardiac…

…of transmission Until symptom free Haemoptysis of unclear cause Until investigated Relative obstacles also include dementia, marked hearing loss and an inability to understand the…

…surgery — it prolongs the time to return of bowel function without reducing the risk of complications. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected base of skull fracture…

…LAP rise slowly. This leads to compensatory dilatation of chambers. The mechanism underlying ventricular and atrial dilation proceeds from Laplace's law, which states that…

…When assessing the right half of the heart, it is important to familiarize yourself with the principles of hemodynamics and conditions prevailing on the right…

Info A comprehensive list of conditions and drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS…

…condition. The focus of infection on the flap is called vegetation. As a rule, some kind of damage to native (own) valves is required to…

…be −30° to 90°. Normal values and differential diagnoses Prolonged QRS duration: left bundle branch block. Right bundle branch block. Non specific intraventricular conduction delay…

…of developing an atherothrombotic event. Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any excipient. Active bleeding. Previous intracranial hemorrhage. Severe liver impairment. Concurrent administration of…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family…

…is 1% to 2% in most Western populations. Individuals with bicuspid aortic valves may develop symptomatic aortic stenosis already at the age of 60 years…

…of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with marked tolerance. The…

…the condition is. A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be relatively unaffected, while a rapid fall from 140 to…

…only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and a culture taken without clinical suspicion leads only to unnecessary…

…lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a…

…which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes. This condition is primarily attributed to specific genetic mutations: loss of function mutations in…

…of acute aortic regurgitation are aortic dissection , endocarditis and trauma . Chronic aortic regurgitation If aortic regurgitation develops gradually, then the ventricle will adapt to the…

…arrhythmogenic but it is a very rare condition. Several formulas have been suggested to calculate corrected QT intervals. Some of these formulas follow: Bazett's…

…and settings Condition Method Starting pressure Escalation Oxygen target : : : : : Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema CPAP 5–7.5 cmH₂O Increase in steps of 2.5 to 10…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995; 30:16975…

…leading to marked heat generation, acidosis, and the subsequent development of hyperkalemia. This condition is potentially fatal and necessitates prompt intervention, including sedation and the…

…NSTE ACS is an acute condition that occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures, which causes atherothrombosis resulting in partial (incomplete) occlusion of the coronary artery…

…In the consensus report by MacFarlane et al it was noted that roughly 5% to 13% of all individuals in a Western population display early…

…to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism. Their landmark studies proved that beta blockers prolong life, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of…

…to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism. Their landmark studies proved that beta blockers prolong life, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of…

…A substantial reduction in pulmonary perfusion and the subsequent reduction in left ventricular preload lead to a cascade of hemodynamic alterations which may culminate in…

…NSTE ACS is an acute condition that occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures, which causes atherothrombosis resulting in partial (incomplete) occlusion of the coronary artery…

…compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin symptoms may be absent, and circulatory shock does not have to be present for the condition to…

…exceptions Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic blood pressure towards 100 to 120…

…refer to ENT): Condition Reason : : Diabetes, immunosuppression A risk of necrotising otitis externa Anticoagulant treatment Bleeding into the ear canal Previous radiotherapy to the head…

…20% to 30% of probands [7] . Historically, expanded genetic panels implicated over 20 other genes (e.g., CACNA1C , GPD1L , TRPM4 ). However, rigorous reappraisals using the…

…Chronotropic incompetence: inability to adequately increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among…

…commercially available gene panels, which enables testing of over 100 genes. Absence of known mutations defines the condition as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy . Echocardiography in dilated…

…instability and hypertension [4]. Step 2: look systematically for acute organ damage Organ or condition Findings to look for Initial investigation : : : CNS Confusion, reduced consciousness…

…or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long term durability (Filsoufi et al). Percutaneous interventions…

…to reduce the risk of a post injection flare. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline is used; larger volumes are needed subacromially and trochanterically to…

…Charrière (Ch), where the figure corresponds to the circumference in millimetres — a Ch 16 therefore has a diameter of about 5 mm. Indication Size Comment…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…of the coronary artery wall with accumulation of blood within the false lumen, which compresses the true lumen to varying degrees; this non atherosclerotic condition…

…of the five conditions listed above. It is important that history taking and physical examination is carried out systematically and carefully without delaying time to…

…conduction of an atrial impulse (either with normal or abnormal PR interval). The AV node is dysfunctional, such that it will not be able to…

…pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response…