…in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or…

…it is advised to use ETCO2 trends over time rather than single measurements. ETCO 2 should not be the sole determinant for terminating CPR or…

…argument for a superficial, compressible vessel. Allen's test is still used in many units to assess the collateral circulation, but the test does not…

…The need for central access is not in itself an indication for emergency insertion in an unstable situation: intraosseous access or a large bore peripheral…

…is a ladder — compression, cautery, anterior packing — and each step presupposes that the previous one has been done properly. Indications Ongoing epistaxis that has not…

…same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation. The decisive step is therefore not the…

…medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling…

…and it is needed more often than it is used — not only in claudication, but before every compression treatment of a leg ulcer and as…

…of cases in the pregnancy related source material. Types 2 and 3 are diagnostically more challenging because they may not display the classic double lumen…

…does not tolerate repeated compression (for example marked thrombocytopenia). Set up and instructions Choose the cuff according to arm circumference ; a cuff that is too…

…and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics, while the biopsy shows marrow architecture and cellularity. What usually ruins the examination is not the technique…

…compress the muscle in a slim patient. 4. Insert the needle perpendicularly , quickly and firmly, to its full length. 5. Aspiration is not needed for…

…the physiological effect is not limited to systole. Exercise may amplify the abnormality through increased myocardial contractility and heart rate. Coronary compression and a Venturi…

…the overlapping of vulnerable plaque and thrombogenic blood, which are critical determinants for infarction occurrence and extension. Plaque rupture or erosion leads to thrombus formation…

…described. Atypical and painless presentations Pain is not universal. Painless STEMI is more frequent in people with diabetes and becomes more common with advancing age…

…coronary artery dissection is defined as spontaneous dissection of the coronary artery wall with accumulation of blood within the false lumen, which compresses the true…

…without an elevation in cardiac troponin. The underlying pathological mechanism is not restricted to a single lesion or process. Although Type 1 MI and acute…

…which are standard due to superior efficacy over monophasic devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of…

…positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone…

…It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs…

…When the sound source moves towards the observer, the sound waves are compressed, which leads to a shortening of the wavelength and thus increased frequency…

…is being compressed by the fluid. Video source.gif). ECG changes caused by pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Small amounts of pericardial effusion may not…

…aneurysms may compresses the RVOT. Echocardiography in pulmonic stenosis In the setting of pulmonary valve stenosis, the pressure in the right ventricle rises, which results…

…cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is to create large variations in intrathoracic pressure by compressing, decompressing and ventilating…

…hook, forceps or suction, and if that is not possible on the spot, ENT must be contacted urgently rather than a routine referral being made…

…in easily. Resistance means the tip is in tissue, not in the joint cavity. 6. Withdraw the needle, apply compression and a dressing. The knee…

…effusion is not automatically attributable to Dressler syndrome. A pericardial effusion measuring more than 10 mm at end diastole after AMI should prompt investigation for…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively established as the cause of cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be…