…saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor…

…or cold exposure. The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes…

…threatened limb viability. Paralysis generally indicates severe and persistent ischaemia. The limb may be cold, pale, cyanotic or mottled. Capillary refill is delayed, and venous…

…loss, plasma and red cells are lost simultaneously, which means the haemoglobin can be normal before fluid has redistributed or been given. In massive bleeding…

…oral fluids. Heat syncope Discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, syncope. Cold environment. Cold intravenous fluids (1 2 L crystalloid, with rate 500 ml/h). Cold shower. Ice…

…inside the visible ice front , and this is why the margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented…

…seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement…

…cold Dry, hyperkeratotic Pulses Palpable Weak or absent May be palpable despite ischaemia ABI 0.9 < 0.9 Often falsely high Contraindications to compression…

…rim of fluid is widest and lies most superficially, where the distance from the skin is shortest, and where no liver, lung or vessel lies…

…the body temperature to 33 °C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever…

…pericardial sac encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid. Numerous conditions may cause inflammation in the pericardium, the pericardial cavity and/or the myocardium…

…s acetate for hypotension or hypoperfusion, usually 500 mL as a rapid bolus, and a smaller bolus where the risk of fluid overload is high…

…gloves. A cold spray or a lidocaine weal. Site Triamcinolone hexacetonide 20 mg/mL Methylprednisolone acetate 40 mg/mL Volume of lidocaine : : : : Subacromial 20 mg…

…least 10 minutes in a room at a comfortable temperature — a cold foot gives falsely low pressures. No smoking or coffee in the preceding hour…

…techniques should be pursued. Heated intravenous fluids (crystalloids). Heated and moistened oxygen. Warm covers. Heat fan. Remove any cold or damp textiles. Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation…

…on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute worsening of dyspnoea, cough and…

…dyspnoea, wheeze or reduced exercise capacity. Suspected asthma or COPD — diagnosis and follow up. Risk groups: current or former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms…

…Long term efficacy data remain limited, and the possibility that chronic If channel blockade could increase sympathetic activity, with adverse remodelling or pro arrhythmic c

…could benefit from revascularization. Evaluating the success of revascularization : Myocardial perfusion imaging can assess effectiveness of procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or…

…dilatation Atrial enlargement: left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) and right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances…

…Pulmonary oedema calls for the former, a COPD exacerbation with carbon dioxide retention for the latter. The treatment is also time limited by its very…

…midline at approximately L4. Puncture at the L3–L4 or L4–L5 interspace; in adults the spinal cord ends at T12–L1, so these levels…

…injuries might cause apnea or hypoventilation. Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm …

…EAT, or atrial tachycardia) arises when an ectopic focus within the atria generates electrical impulses at a rate exceeding that of the sinoatrial (SA) node…

…should not be confused with hypertrophy caused by increased loading conditions. Increased ventricular load is mostly caused by systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis. In hypertension…

…g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline 200 mg × 1 on…

…asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…Components of the HEMORR₂HAGES Score The acronym HEMORR₂HAGES represents the following parameters: H epatic or renal disease (1 point) E thanol abuse (1 point) M…

…Disease (COPD) : Associated with higher perioperative risk. Clinical Applications Personalized Decision Making : SYNTAX Score II helps determine whether a patient should undergo PCI or CABG…

…as continuation treatment after the initial one year treatment with Ticagrelor 90 mg or treatment with another adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor for patients who…

…could be as brief as 4–6 weeks. This made BMS attractive in patients requiring urgent non cardiac surgery, those with high bleeding risk, or…

…hypertrophy, LV dysfunction, or other pathology that could affect the safety or interpretation of the examination. Evaluation and Physical Examination Before stress echocardiography, clinical assessment…

…and COPD. Adenosine has caused mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease or…

…2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and…

…and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections…

…failure, shock and cerebral or visceral malperfusion. Type B disease may produce rupture, renal, mesenteric or limb malperfusion, spinal cord ischaemia, paraplegia or paraparesis, rapid…

…of bleeding Low risk 0 3 0.8% Intermediate risk 4 2.6% High risk 5 or more 5.8% Interpretation of ATRIA risk score…

…standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables…

…are indeed becoming thicker and thicker. Guidelines issued by AHA, ACC and ESC could actually serve as textbooks. In fact, going to AHA/ACC/ESC…

…ischemic zone. Newly formed vessels, which may originate from other branches of the same coronary artery or another coronary artery, will alleviate the ischemia, improve…

…on the basis of morbid anatomy. This is not a new experience for either the pathologist or the internist. That there is something lacking in…

…Gräsner et al ). This could be due to uncertainty in the recording of no flow and low flow times in registries. The uncertainty is often…

…tachycardia almost invariably have significant underlying heart disease. The most common causes are coronary heart disease (acute coronary syndromes or ischemic heart disease), heart failure …

…study, PET, SPECT, genetic profiling — add information but are too costly or invasive to screen a population. The surface ECG is the obvious cheap, standardized…

…angina is considerable and most patients are therefore markedly affected. Other symptoms – such as dyspnea, cold sweat, nausea, etc – are also common in NSTEMI and…

…axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction…

…axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction…