…saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor…

…or cold exposure. The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes…

…threatened limb viability. Paralysis generally indicates severe and persistent ischaemia. The limb may be cold, pale, cyanotic or mottled. Capillary refill is delayed, and venous…

…loss, plasma and red cells are lost simultaneously, which means the haemoglobin can be normal before fluid has redistributed or been given. In massive bleeding…

…oral fluids. Heat syncope Discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, syncope. Cold environment. Cold intravenous fluids (1 2 L crystalloid, with rate 500 ml/h). Cold shower. Ice…

…inside the visible ice front , and this is why the margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented…

…seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement…

…cold Dry, hyperkeratotic Pulses Palpable Weak or absent May be palpable despite ischaemia ABI 0.9 < 0.9 Often falsely high Contraindications to compression…

…rim of fluid is widest and lies most superficially, where the distance from the skin is shortest, and where no liver, lung or vessel lies…

…the body temperature to 33 °C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever…