…Prevention of recurrence after a healed venous ulcer. After deep vein thrombosis with post thrombotic syndrome. Differential diagnosis Feature Venous ulcer Arterial ulcer Diabetic foot…

…and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury…

…windowed splint or external fixation. Established or impending compartment syndrome. An unstable fracture requiring operative fixation. A circumferential cast in a fresh injury, before surgery…

…exceed available blood flow. The resulting ischaemia threatens skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves and may progress rapidly to irreversible tissue injury. Skeletal muscle and nerves…

…crisis. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure — COPD, severe obesity with hypoventilation, neuromuscular…

…stent platforms use thinner struts and improved delivery systems, reducing vascular injury and improving flexibility and deliverability. Contemporary durable polymers are more biocompatible than those…

…it is the freeze–thaw–freeze cycle that causes cell death, not the cold alone. The temperature at the outer edge of the tissue is…

…tachypnoea, cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low…

…body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F…

…patient must have rested lying down for at least 10 minutes in a room at a comfortable temperature — a cold foot gives falsely low pressures…

…less reliable in the hypoglycaemic range. Poor peripheral circulation, cold fingers, sampling errors and contamination can give erroneous values. If the measured value does not…

…delayed capillary refill, cold or mottled skin Metabolism and perfusion A lactate above 2 mmol/L, metabolic acidosis or a rising lactate Kidney A rise…

…Medial epicondylitis At the flexor origin Avoid the ulnar nerve Carpal tunnel syndrome The carpal tunnel An acceptable bridge to surgery De Quervain's tenosynovitis…

…often enough: undressing the patient, lowering the room temperature, a fan, paracetamol, cold infusions. A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring…

…of the bleeding clinically Signs of major or ongoing bleeding are: hypotension or a postural drop tachycardia a cold periphery and delayed capillary refill confusion…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the…

…oxygen. Warm covers. Heat fan. Remove any cold or damp textiles. Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following standard protocols, emphasizing concurrent rapid rewarming of the patient…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE ACS): Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA) The focus…

…Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Post infarction (including Dressler syndrome) Uremia Radiation to the heart Trauma Tuberculousis Neoplasms (cancer) Post cardiac surgery …

…syndromic diagnosis, not a sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome…

…that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its entire value…

…Pulmonary oedema calls for the former, a COPD exacerbation with carbon dioxide retention for the latter. The treatment is also time limited by its very…

…severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline…

…asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation…

…Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) : Indicates systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) : Associated with higher perioperative risk. Clinical Applications Personalized Decision Making : SYNTAX Score II…

…are indeed becoming thicker and thicker. Guidelines issued by AHA, ACC and ESC could actually serve as textbooks. In fact, going to AHA/ACC/ESC…

…caused by pre excitation. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Contraindications Asthma and COPD. Adenosine has caused mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used…

…obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most…

…High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should…

…disproportional to the load (i.e., if hypertrophy is more pronounced than the load could reasonably explain). The probability of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is inversely related…

…whether dysfunctional myocardium or myocardium supplied by a diseased vessel, is viable and could benefit from revascularization. Evaluating the success of revascularization : Myocardial perfusion imaging…

…often accompanies ventricular enlargement. The ECG has, as one could expect, low sensitivity but high specificity with respect to detecting atrial enlargement. Left atrial enlargement…

…Gräsner et al ). This could be due to uncertainty in the recording of no flow and low flow times in registries. The uncertainty is often…

…and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections…

…neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation…

…al. A new risk scheme to predict warfarin associated hemorrhage: the ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2011…

…ATRIA, and HAS BLED bleeding risk prediction scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing anticoagulation: the AMADEUS study. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2012;60(9…

…Additionally, integrating functional assessments like fractional flow reserve (FFR) could enhance the score's predictive accuracy. The SYNTAX Score remains a cornerstone in the management…

…indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of…

…electronic health records, and asked whether it could isolate a clinically actionable high risk group for SCD — one defined entirely from the ECG, without echocardiography…

…Long term efficacy data remain limited, and the possibility that chronic If channel blockade could increase sympathetic activity, with adverse remodelling or pro arrhythmic c

…those with an unstable clinical condition. In patients with suspected or established non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome, stress testing may be considered after…

…axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction…

…axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction…

…Atrial tachycardia. Causes of ectopic atrial tachycardia and ectopic atrial rhythm Side effect of digoxin. Heart failure. Lung disease (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, etc). Ischemic heart…

…60%, as compared with directly occluding the LAD. Hence it was believed that the muscle could be preconditioned (acclimatized, adapted) to ischemia from a distance…

…failure, coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndromes and stroke ( Steyerberg et al ). Achieving this has been significantly more difficult for the prediction of cardiac arrest…

…tachycardia almost invariably have significant underlying heart disease. The most common causes are coronary heart disease (acute coronary syndromes or ischemic heart disease), heart failure …