…it is the freeze–thaw–freeze cycle that causes cell death, not the cold alone. The temperature at the outer edge of the tissue is…

…infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid…

…atrophic, cold Dry, hyperkeratotic Pulses Palpable Weak or absent May be palpable despite ischaemia ABI 0.9 < 0.9 Often falsely high Contraindications to…

…tachypnoea, cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low…

…Weakness. Cold environment. Passive cooling. Cold oral fluids. Heat syncope Discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, syncope. Cold environment. Cold intravenous fluids (1 2 L crystalloid, with rate…

…patient must have rested lying down for at least 10 minutes in a room at a comfortable temperature — a cold foot gives falsely low pressures…

…less reliable in the hypoglycaemic range. Poor peripheral circulation, cold fingers, sampling errors and contamination can give erroneous values. If the measured value does not…

…delayed capillary refill, cold or mottled skin Metabolism and perfusion A lactate above 2 mmol/L, metabolic acidosis or a rising lactate Kidney A rise…

…gloves. A cold spray or a lidocaine weal. Site Triamcinolone hexacetonide 20 mg/mL Methylprednisolone acetate 40 mg/mL Volume of lidocaine : : : : Subacromial 20 mg…

…often enough: undressing the patient, lowering the room temperature, a fan, paracetamol, cold infusions. A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring…

…of the bleeding clinically Signs of major or ongoing bleeding are: hypotension or a postural drop tachycardia a cold periphery and delayed capillary refill confusion…

…is a particularly important marker of threatened limb viability. Paralysis generally indicates severe and persistent ischaemia. The limb may be cold, pale, cyanotic or mottled…

…Precipitating factors, including exertion, emotional stress, meals, or exposure to cold. Relieving factors, including rest or medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in…

…oxygen. Warm covers. Heat fan. Remove any cold or damp textiles. Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following standard protocols, emphasizing concurrent rapid rewarming of the patient…

…angina is considerable and most patients are therefore markedly affected. Other symptoms – such as dyspnea, cold sweat, nausea, etc – are also common in NSTEMI and…

…caused by acute myocardial infarction. The chest pain in acute pericarditis may be severe and the patient may also experience cold sweats, tachycardia and anxiety…

Lungmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and…

…that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its entire value…

…Pulmonary oedema calls for the former, a COPD exacerbation with carbon dioxide retention for the latter. The treatment is also time limited by its very…

…Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation and equipment Material Comment : : Stockinette Innermost against…

…severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline…

…asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation…

…Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) : Indicates systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) : Associated with higher perioperative risk. Clinical Applications Personalized Decision Making : SYNTAX Score II…

…are indeed becoming thicker and thicker. Guidelines issued by AHA, ACC and ESC could actually serve as textbooks. In fact, going to AHA/ACC/ESC…

…caused by pre excitation. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Contraindications Asthma and COPD. Adenosine has caused mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used…

…2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and…

…altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation…

…disproportional to the load (i.e., if hypertrophy is more pronounced than the load could reasonably explain). The probability of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is inversely related…

…whether dysfunctional myocardium or myocardium supplied by a diseased vessel, is viable and could benefit from revascularization. Evaluating the success of revascularization : Myocardial perfusion imaging…

…often accompanies ventricular enlargement. The ECG has, as one could expect, low sensitivity but high specificity with respect to detecting atrial enlargement. Left atrial enlargement…

…Gräsner et al ). This could be due to uncertainty in the recording of no flow and low flow times in registries. The uncertainty is often…

…diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections, anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary embolism…

…crisis. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure — COPD, severe obesity with hypoventilation, neuromuscular…

…ATRIA Score The ATRIA score assigns points based on five clinical factors: Anemia: Hemoglobin <13 g/dL in men or <12 g/dL in women…

…ATRIA, and HAS BLED bleeding risk prediction scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing anticoagulation: the AMADEUS study. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2012;60(9…

…Additionally, integrating functional assessments like fractional flow reserve (FFR) could enhance the score's predictive accuracy. The SYNTAX Score remains a cornerstone in the management…

…rare cases, TTP has been reported with ticagrelor treatment. TTP is characterized by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia associated with neurological findings, renal failure, or…

…electronic health records, and asked whether it could isolate a clinically actionable high risk group for SCD — one defined entirely from the ECG, without echocardiography…

…required duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), which could be as brief as 4–6 weeks. This made BMS attractive in patients requiring urgent non…

…Type B disease may produce rupture, renal, mesenteric or limb malperfusion, spinal cord ischaemia, paraplegia or paraparesis, rapid aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite…

…Long term efficacy data remain limited, and the possibility that chronic If channel blockade could increase sympathetic activity, with adverse remodelling or pro arrhythmic c

…hypertrophy, LV dysfunction, or other pathology that could affect the safety or interpretation of the examination. Evaluation and Physical Examination Before stress echocardiography, clinical assessment…

…axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction…

…axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction…

…Atrial tachycardia. Causes of ectopic atrial tachycardia and ectopic atrial rhythm Side effect of digoxin. Heart failure. Lung disease (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, etc). Ischemic heart…

…60%, as compared with directly occluding the LAD. Hence it was believed that the muscle could be preconditioned (acclimatized, adapted) to ischemia from a distance…

…of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Theoretically, ICDs could treat 99% of all cardiac arrests caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias (which are the majority of cases). Yet, only a…

…studies conducted in the late 1950s, 1960 and 1961 showed that VT could be terminated by delivering an electrical shock. This prompted physicians to construct…