…it is the freeze–thaw–freeze cycle that causes cell death, not the cold alone. The temperature at the outer edge of the tissue is…

…infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid…

…atrophic, cold Dry, hyperkeratotic Pulses Palpable Weak or absent May be palpable despite ischaemia ABI 0.9 < 0.9 Often falsely high Contraindications to…

…tachypnoea, cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low…

…Weakness. Cold environment. Passive cooling. Cold oral fluids. Heat syncope Discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, syncope. Cold environment. Cold intravenous fluids (1 2 L crystalloid, with rate…

…patient must have rested lying down for at least 10 minutes in a room at a comfortable temperature — a cold foot gives falsely low pressures…

…less reliable in the hypoglycaemic range. Poor peripheral circulation, cold fingers, sampling errors and contamination can give erroneous values. If the measured value does not…

…delayed capillary refill, cold or mottled skin Metabolism and perfusion A lactate above 2 mmol/L, metabolic acidosis or a rising lactate Kidney A rise…

…gloves. A cold spray or a lidocaine weal. Site Triamcinolone hexacetonide 20 mg/mL Methylprednisolone acetate 40 mg/mL Volume of lidocaine : : : : Subacromial 20 mg…

…often enough: undressing the patient, lowering the room temperature, a fan, paracetamol, cold infusions. A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring…